Section 1
Working together using this wiki
Think of this wiki as a shared online whiteboard. The entire class can share information using this wiki, making your research accessible to everyone. You will not have to complete the IDs all by yourself! Play around with this wiki: Notice how you can add comments to a page, see what people have changed, and edit all the text.
How to add your information to this wiki...
- Click on the Edit tab at the top.
- Scroll down to your term and copy and paste your information. (Be sure to add your name after the term)
- Use the right toolbar to insert images and files (be sure to keep your images small - we are all sharing this page)
Use this checklist to check your work: (I use this list to grade your wiki)
- Add your name next to the term/concept you are responsible for (5 pts)
- Underline the term/concept - make it bold or heading 2 size (5 pts)
- Brief summary of term/concept - use bullets or highlight key points (55 pts)
- Picture/map - must include caption (keep image small in size) (image = 15 pts; caption =10 pts)
- Please provide a FULL citation for the source(s) used - www.citationmachine.net can help. (5 pts)
- Post your info in the right location - instead insert your image with caption right under your content. (5 pts)
You are responsible for ONE term this week.
- When you are done, hit Save at the bottom and view your work (make changes (Edit) as necessary).
- TIP: only one person can edit this wiki at a time, so I suggest you create your entry in a word program first. Then you can simply copy and paste it right in when the wiki is available for edit.
Identifications - World War I and the Crisis of European Global Order (ch. 28)
Wilhelm II – Cameron Tripp
· Wilhelm came to power is 1888.
· He believed in increasing Germany’s military power.
· He wanted a navy equal to England’s.
· He did not foresee the effects of Austria-Hungary’s attack on Serbia
· He publicly described King Edward VII of England as Satan (just a fun fact)
· He was the Grandson of Queen Victoria and the cousin of Czar Nicholas II
Many portraits of Wilhelm II depict him in his military uniform because he was famously imperialistic and militaristic
Duffy, Michael. "Who's Who: Kaiser Wilhelm II." FirstWorldWar. 15 May 2004. 13 Mar 2009 http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/wilhelmii.htm.
Triple Alliance-- Toomey
· Formed in 1882
· Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy against France and Russia
· Renewed every five years
· 1887, Italy gained Germany’s false promise for colonial support.
· In 1902, just after the renewal, Italy broke the alliance by promising to stay neutral with France
· The alliance was renewed twice more, but Italy entered WWI against Germany and Austria-Hungary
This shows the way the alliances were during the war as people entered.

Spartacus Educational. 18 Mar 2009 <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtriple.htm>.
"Triple Alliance." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 18 Mar. 2009
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/605722/Triple-Alliance.
Triple Entente – R Stewart
- In 1907, Russia, in fear of a growing German army, joined Britain and France in the Triple Entente
- These three nations felt threatened by the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the Triple Alliance
- The Triple Entente was an agreement among the involved nations to support the others in the event of an attack by one or all of the nations of the Triple Alliance
- The way for the Triple Entente was paved by the first formal cooperation between Britain and France in the Entente Cordial
- Russia would remain allied with Britain and France until 1917, when Russia withdrew from the war
Britain, France, and Russia surrounded Germany and Triple Alliance in hope of discouraging German agression.
"Triple Entente." How Stuff Works. The Discovery Channel. 10 Mar 2009 <http://history.howstuffworks.com/world-war-i/triple-entente.htm>.
"Triple Entente." Spartacus Educational. 10 Mar 2009 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWentente.htm.
Anglo-German Naval Race – Andrew Steiner
- Kaiser Wilhelm II commissioned his Naval Minister, Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, to expand the German navy; Tirpitz did so through the passage of four Fleet Acts from 1898-1912
- This act frightened Britain into joining alliances with France and Russia in response
- Britain also expanded their navy to uphold its “two-power standard” where it maintains a navy equal to the combined strength of its two nearest rivals
- This military buildup helped pave the way to war as nations sought to exercise their might in a display of dominance that would distract from each country’s growing domestic problems

The HMS Dreadnought was the flagship for the British Royal Navy and represented the epitome of the Naval Arms race, introducing the concept of a “big gun” battleship as the most effective means of naval warfare.
"Origins of World War I." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. 12 Mar 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_World_War_I#Anglo.26ndash.3BGerman_naval_race>.
Stearns, Adas, Schwartz, Gilbert, World Civilizations: The Global Experience. 4th. Pearson Education, Inc., 2005.
Schlieffen Plan – Ross
-German General Staff's plan for victory on the western front
-against France on the Western Front and Russia on the Eastern
-it was supposed to take advantage of the countries different speeds in preparing for war
-succeeded in the first month
-between the battle against the French, the battle of Marne, and Russian offensives the plan failed
-this lead to many years of trench war fare
-created by Count Alfred von Schlieffen
-modified by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
-Moltke actually put the plan into action
This is Alfred con Schlieffen the man behind the idea for the Schlieffen plan. How accurately named... :)
"Blitzkrieg Tactic Or Shlieffen Plan." History Forum. 12 Mar 2009 <http://www.simaqianstudio.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php?t3186.html>.
The Balkans ("powder keg") - Abby Pardue
-The city of Sarajevo is at the foot of the Balkans
-Europe in 1914 was said to be a powder keg, safe and secure until a fuse is lit.
-In 1914, the assassination of the archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family is said to be the spark that started the first World War. Thus the Balkans, in which Sarajevo is situated is considered the powder keg of Europe.
Dowling, Mike. "A Powder Keg in Europe." Mr. Dowling. 22 Jan 2006. Mr. Dowling. 12 Mar 2009 http://www.mrdowling.com/706-powderkeg.html.

Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian hero to many, was the assasin that killed the archduke Franz Ferdinand and was a part of a terrorist group in Serbia called the Black Hand.
Archduke Ferdinand -Rebecca Overcash
- Was born on December 18 1863.
- Joined the Austro-Hungarian Army in 1883.
- Heir to Austro Hungarian Throne.
- Assassinated on June 28, 1914
- Franz Ferdinand and his wife were killed in Sarajevo, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian province of Bosnia and Herzegovina, by Gavrilo Princip.
- Gavrilo Princip was a part of the society known as The Black Hand, and the society had already been responsible for the deaths of Alexander I of Serbia in Belgrade in 1903, and King George I of Greece 1913.
- Franz Ferdinand was not popular either at court or among the people, and his death posed no threat to the continuation of the Habsburg dynasty.
- His assassination led to a chain of events that eventually led to World War I.

This is a photograph of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Duffy, Michael. "Who's Who: Archduke Franz Ferdinand." firstworldwar. 16 Mar 2009
<http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/ferdinand.htm>.
"Timeline." mechanicsnationalbank. 16 Mar 2009
<http://mechanicsnationalbank.com/timeline/1900/>.
"Franz Ferdinand." spartacus. 16 Mar 2009
<http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWarchduke.htm>.
Serban Ultimatum and Germany's "blank check" -
The Western Front (trench warfare)- Taylor McAlister
- The Western Front consisted of the countries to the west of Germany, such as France
- Germany created the Western front situation when Germant invaded Belgium and Luxembourg to get to France
- The front began as a stalemate where both sides had to resort to trench warfare
- Trench Warfare- infantry hiding in trenches to avoid being shot; no ground is taken or lost but both sides are stuck
- led to many new inventions and battle tactics to speed up battles such as poison gas (Germany), and aerial warfare
- Germany was suffering heavy losses at this front despite the success of the Eastern Front
- An armistice was signed and the Western Front concluded on November 11 1918

A British trench during the Battle of Somme. Somme was one of the major battles fought on the Western Front.
"The Western Front." The War Times Journal 1996 11 Mar 2009 <http://www.richthofen.com/ww1sum/>.
Others Fronts -Kim Martinez
· There were different “fronts” or “theaters of war” in WWI
· The different fronts were the Western, Eastern, Italian, and the Middle Eastern (Palestine & Mesopotamia)
· The Western front refers to the fighting between Great Britain & France and Germany
· The Eastern front refers to the fighting between Germany & Austria-Hungary and Russia ; fighting began when Russia invaded East Prussia on 8/17/1914; final result was Central Powers victory when Russia & Germany signed Treaty of Brest Litovsk which took Russia out of the war
· The Italian front refers to the fighting between Austria-Hungary and Italy ; Italy had initially tried to stay out of war, but entered on side of allies in 04/1915; final result was collapse of Austro-Hungarian Empire
· The Middle Eastern front refers mainly to the fighting between Great Britain & Commonwealth and Turkey ; Ottoman Empire ( Turkey ) entered war as result of secret Ottoman-German alliance; final result was Allied victory and Partition of Ottoman Empire into several new nations
The map of the other fronts during World War I.
"World War 1 Theatres of War ." History on the Net. 2000. 12 Mar 2009 <http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/theatresofwar.htm>.
Homefronts in Europe - Jordan Hubbard
· The commitment of the citizens to the war and their patriotic zeal was far more pronounced than the soldier’s who had to endure horrible situations.
· The government in each of the countries rationed resources and regulated production to prevent labor disputes.
· Industrial sectors like railways were administered by the states and executive branches took power away from elected parliaments.
· Dissent was suppressed with force and the media was censored.
· Governments developed propaganda departments. (Great Britain used propaganda especially to try and get America involved in the war)
· Sometimes the civilian population was the target of bombardments and aerial assaults.
· To try and maintain unified backing of the civilian population, socialists and trade union chiefs were allowed to serve on government boards in charge of industrial production and negotiate improved working conditions.
· Some labor groups like in Russia came more and more critical of the war and helped spur mass protests.
· Women’s participation in the labor force increased greatly in Germany, Great Britain, and America and women became more liberated during this time.
· Stearns , Peter N. , Michael Adas, Stuart B. Schwartz , and Marc Jason Gilbert .World Civilizations The Global Experience. '4th ed. New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006.

This poster is American WWI propaganda to recruit people to fight Germany before they came to America.
Submarine Warfare
-Directly before the onset of WWI, Germany and Britain engaged in a naval arms race. This resulted in the exponential increase of battle cruisers, destroyers, and submarines.
-The German submarine, or U-boat for unterseeboot, was used for blockading purposes. However, due to naval agreements called the prize rules, submarines could not attack merchant ships, rendering a submarine blockade ineffective.
-The German navy adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. This meant that any ship was fair game for German submarines. The sinking of passenger ships such as the Lusitania, Arabic, and Sussex brought the previously neutral U.S. into WWI on the side of the Triple Entente.
Nappy, "Unrestricted Submarine Warfare in World War One." Everything2. The Everything Development Company. 17 Mar 2009 <http://www.everything2.net/title/Unrestricted%2520Submarine%2520Warfare%2520in%2520World%2520War%2520One>.
http://www.teacheroz.com/wwi.htm - This is a handy website with lots of information about everything World War I. It was used in my European AP class last year. It gives a complete view of many different subjects. - J. Hopkins
-
New Weapons of WWI (examples)-
Duncan Holter
Machine guns
While machine guns were used during the Civil War, during World War I their effectiveness increased dramatically, able to discharge ten bullets a second and mow down rows of enemy troops. Their destructive potential was so high that they were referred to as weapons of mass destruction before President Bush ever used the term for nuclear weapons.
Artillery
Artillery in WWI was a vast improvement over the simple cannons used previously. Some giant field guns could fire accurately from up to 120 kilometers, with new payloads able to cause more destruction per hit. The German Big Bertha was used to fire at London from across the sea.

Tanks
Tanks began to be developed in World War I, originally being slow moving heavily armored transports. Soon, however, tanks were able to carry up to 8 people and fire hundreds of shells and tens of thousands of bullets, becoming the ultimate war machines. Unfortunately, they broke down... a lot. 50% losses due to mechanical problems were not uncommon.
Planes
Aerial warfare was much less important in World War I- bombers were huge and expensive to manufacture, and airdrops were difficult if not impossible. However, the technology continued to evolve throughout the war, resulting in a wide range of places that would become important in WWII.
http://www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision/927.html
Turkish Massacre of Armenian Civilians - Evan Hoke
- There was murder and expulsion of Turkish Armenians by the Ottoman Empire under Abdulhamid II in 1894 – 1896.
- This was also done by the Young Turk government in 1915 – 1916.
- In 1984, the Armenians began agitating for territorial autonomy and protesting against high taxes.
- In response, Ottoman troops and Kurdish tribesmen killed thousands.
- In 1986, Armenian revolutionaries seized the Ottoman Bank in Istanbul.
- Mobs of Muslim Turks, abetted by elements of the government, killed more than 50,000 Armenians in response.
- The next 2 decades were plagued with sporadic killings.
- In response to Russia's use of Armenian troops against the Ottomans in World War I, the government deported 1.75 million Armenians south to Syria and Mesopotamia.
- 600,000 Armenians were killed or died of starvation over the course of this action.
A victim of the Armenian Genocide.
"Armenian Genocide." 23 OCT 2008 12 Mar 2009 <http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenian_Genocide>.
Yer'Mami, Sheik. "Bostom: Congress must recognize the Armenian Genocide." 30 AUG 2007 12 Mar 2009 <http://sheikyermami.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/08/armenian_genocide_turkey_large.JPG>.
US Entry to the war -
TE Lawrence of Arabia -Dillon Edwards
- TE Lawrence of Arabia or Thomas Edward Lawrence was born in Treamoc, Wales in 1888.
- His father, Sir Thomas Chapman, left the family because he fell in love with Sarah Junner.
- After a lot of travelling the Lawrences finally settled down in Oxford where Thomas went to school.He loved history, graduated with honors, and became an archeologist.
- He went back to England when war broke out to contribute to his country. He was assigned to Cairo.
- In 1916, he was sent as a liaison officer to join the Great Arab Revolt, led by Prince Feisal. He took money and guns and helped keep the Revolt alive. Using guerrilla tactics they struck at Turkish lines of communication but avoided direct confrontation.
- In the spring of 1917, Feisal attacked Aqaba, a valuable port town and Turkish fort. Lawrence was actively involved and joined the Arab fighters riding hundreds of miles across the desert to strike the Turks where they least expected it. It was all kept secret from London: "I decided to go my own way, with or without orders".
- http://www.pbs.org/lawrenceofarabia/players/lawrence.html

Paris Peace Conference -Meghan Edwards
-meeting of allied countries after World War I to set peace terms for defeated nations (Germany in particular)
-1919
-involved diplomats from over thirty nations
-Leaders
(Three Great Powers) included:
Woodrow Wilson (United States)
David Lloyd George (Britain)
Georges Clemenceau (France)
-Russia and Germany were not permitted to attend
-Issues stretched from war reparations to Armenian independence to women's rights
-Germany was required to pay for the cost of the war after it was determined that Germany was 'mostly' to blame for its start
-Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved
-League of Nations evolved
-some argue that the fact that this conference resulted in the blame of Germany may have triggered events that soon led to World War II

http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/images/highres_30013275.jpg
"Paris Peace Conference." Spartacus Educational. 13 Mar 2009 <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWparis.htm>.
Treaty of Versailles -Maggie Dillon
The Treaty of Versailles includes 440 articles. The principal items are:
- Germany has to cede Alsace-Lorraine to France.
- Germany has to cede the coal mines in the Saar-area to France.
- Germany has to cede an area with Moresnet, Eupen, Malmédy and St. Vith to Belgium.
- Germany has to cede the main part of West-Prussia and almost the whole province of Posen to the new state of Poland.
- Germany has to cede all colonies: Togo en Cameroun, the territories in East- and South-West Africa, islands in the Pacific and possesions in China.
- All German properties in foreign countries are confiscated.
- Germany has to cede all war material to the allies.
- German compulsory military service is abolished, as well as the General Staff.
- Germany is not allowed to have tanks, airplanes, submarines, large warships and poison gas.
- During 15 years Germany is not allowed to station troops on the left border of the river Rhine and in a 50 km strip on the right border of the Rhine.
- The total size of the Germany army is not to exceed 100.000 men.
- The German navy has a maximum of 15.000 men.
- Germany is allowed a total of 4.000 officers.
- Germany is not to take part in the League of Nations.
- Austria has to cede South-Tirol to Italy.
- Turkey has to cede all foreign possesions. England gets Iraq, Palestine and Trans-Jordan, France gets Syria and Libanon.
- Germany has to cede to the allies all seagoing ships with a carrying capacity exceeding 1600 Brt, plus half of all ships between 1000 and 1600 Brt. Furthermore one fourth of the fishing fleet and two fifths of the inland navigation fleet has to be ceded.
- Germany has to cede large amounts of machinery and building materials, trains and trucks.
- Germany has to deliver certain amounts of coal, chemicals, dye and fuel for many years.
- All German subocean telegraph cables are confiscated.
- Germany has to pay 20 billion goldmarks.
Lady Germania chained to a torture pole. German political picture, June 1919.

Woodrow Wilson and the 14 Points -
League of Nations - Andrew Craver
- Founded after the treaty of Versailles
- Its purpose was to insure peace
- Anytime conflict surfaced LON was supposed to step in and try to solve it diplomatically
- LON planned to do this by having meetings between the leaders of the conflicting countries
- The ultimate goal was to prevent the violence that had occurred in WWI
The map of the League
Germany's war repayments - John Caudle
· Were required to pay $33 billion by the Dawes and Young Plans
-
The Dawes Plan of 1924 was replaced 4 years later by the Young Plan which better fit the economic standing of Germany and allowed them a more reasonable pay interval
-
· Transfer back conquered territories
· Give up much of their war equipment
· Germany was declared to have started the war, had to take the blame
· This all resulted in a very high economic inflation for a time
· This brought many economic problems to Germany and the rise of the WeimarRepublic and dictator Adolf Hitler
· Increase in tax and reduced consumption among citizens
· Most money they had after the war and reparations payments was used to rebuild the German force
· During the time of Hitler the economy was restructured and functioning well with other world powers
· All their reparations were stopped after the German defeat in WWII
This picture illustrates German inflation after WWI. It shows children using stacks of money as blocks because they could not afford toys and money was the most worthless thing in the market.
Spanish flu of 1918 - Colt Burgin
- Lasted from 1918-1919
- Modernly known as influenza
- Most destructive epidemic ever
- Caused 20-50 million deaths (which was 2-5 times the amount of people killed in the war (WWI)
- Spain experienced first major outbreak. Eventually became called The Spanish Flu
- A lot of victims were between 20 and 40 years of age
- Scientist research from 2005 on preserved tissues of people killed by flu says it was avian flu, virus that spread to humans directly
- Virus penetrated lung tissue causing it to kill the young and healthy.

An image of a Spanish flu hostpital full of people that have been struck by the disease.
Citation- "Influenza." MSN Encarta. Microsoft. 12 Mar 2009 <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557270_2/Influenza.html#p35>.
Russian Revolution (overview; relate to WWI)
Indian National Congress - JOSH BROACH
- Founded in 1885 by: Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Womesh Chandra Bonerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Monomohun Ghose, Allan Octavian Hume, and William Wedderburn
- Took charge of the Indian Independence movement away from Britain.
- Its original intent was to guarantee spots in the British controlled Indian government to educated Indians.
- After early sessions, the INC split into two different factions, the Garam Dal and the Naram Dal, the Garam was a group full of extremists while the Naram stayed more moderate.
- The party consisted of all religions, economic backgrounds, races, and political ideologies.
- Gandhi upon his return from South Africa in 1915, Gandhi became the leader of the congress.
- Through Poorna Swaraj (1930) the total freedom of India from Great Britain was adopted by the Congress. Total freedom and a constitution were not met until 1950 however.
- The Congress is generally associated with Gandhi because of his massive influence on the civil disobedience that sparked complete independence from Britain.
- Today the Indian National Congress has turned into one of the leading political parties within India.

MEETING OF THE FIRST INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
"Indian National Congress." Wikipedia. 16 Mar 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress.
Mahatma Gandhi - Will Boggs
- Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 and died on Janmuary 30, 1948.
- He is best known for his influence on the spiritual impact on India and his impact on the Indian indepedence movement.
- His two most famous thoughts are called satyagraha and ahimsa. Satyagraha is known as the resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience. Ahimsa is known as total non-violence. With mass amounts of people following these ideas Gandhi was able to lead India into freedom from the world.
- Gandhi took control of the Indian National Congress in which he made progress to ease poverty around the world. He also fought for women's rights and for more religious and educational institutions to be built.
- The man known as the Father of the Nation was assassinated at the age of 78. His influence is still annually remembered in India with his birthday now being a holiday.
This is a picture of Gandhi during the 1930's. This small man had a large influence on India and furthermore his ideas had a large impact on the entire world.
"Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi." Wikipedia. 15 Mar 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi>.
Balfour Declaration - Dalyn Bellingham
- Refers to 2 statements(1917 and 1926) of British Government Policy. With the first one applying to our time period
- Written on November 2, 1917 as a classified formal statement
- Declaration was in the form of a letter from Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild, a leader of the Jews in Britain
- Called for transmission to a Zionist organization, the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland
- A response to the request for the reconstitution of Palestine as the Jewish national home, which request was not met in the declaration

The Balfour Declaration
"The Balfour Declaration." Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2008. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs - The State of Israel. 12 Mar 2009 http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/The+Balfour+Declaration.htm.
"Balfour Declaration of 1917." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 1 Mar 2009, 14:30 UTC. 12 Mar 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balfour_Declaration_of_1917&oldid=274147040>.
Ataturk - Adam Barr
- Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was the first president of the Republic of Turkey
- He was born on May 19, 1881 in Selanik
- He died in Istanbul on November 10, 1938
- Led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War for Independence
- Helped establish the free Republic of Turkey
- The reforms attributed to him, focused on modernism, are known as Kemalism and still form the political feelings of Turkey
- He died of cirrhosis of the liver, caused by his alcoholism
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, looking rather dangerous. Better not mess with Turkey kids...
"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk." Wikipedia. 08 Mar 2009. 9 Mar 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk.
Revolt in Egypt, 1919 -
Entry Into the War
Though the U.S tried to remain neutral in the war in 1917 they were said to be Pro-British. President Wilson tried to maintain neutral status and settle things peacefully. Even after Theodore Roosevelt offered himself and his sons to war Wilson still refused to declare war. Only after Russia converted to democracy in February was Wilson prepared to declare war. We did not join because of the hatred of Germany we joined to promote democracy. Some believed it was just so that America could further their riches.
-justin ford
Spartacus Educational. 18 Mar 2009 <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtriple.htm>.
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