Section 1

Working together using this wiki

 

 Identifications - Revolutions - you are responsible for TWO this week:

American Revolution (world view) -

Declaration of Independence - Adam Barr

• Signed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776
• Declared that the thirteen colonies were now an independent nation and at war with Great Britain
• Written by Thomas Jefferson between July 2 and July 4, 1776
• Fifty-six delegates signed the Declaration of Independence
• The signing of the Declaration of Independence started the American Revolution, which kicked off a worldwide era of revolution that lasted until 1848

 

 A copy of the Declaration of Independence, made in 1823

 

"United States Declaration of Independence." Wikipedia. 28 Jan 2009. 4 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.

 

 

US Constitution - Dalyn Bellingham

• Adopted on September 17, 1787 by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
•  Provides the framework for the organization of the United States Government 
• 3 main branches of government: Legislative, Judicial, Executive
• Has been amended 27 times since, first 10 amendments being known as the Bill of Rights

The US Constitution

"United States Constitution." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2009, 15:12 UTC. 5 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Constitution&oldid=268697651>.

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette - Will Boggs

• Louis XVI ruled as the King of France and Navarre from 1774 to 1791. Then from 1791 to 1792 he served as the King of the French.
• He was suspended for the latter job and arrested under the Insurrection of August 10th. He was tried by the National Convention and founded guilty for treason.
• He was soon executed making him the only French king to be executed.
• At first he was loved by the French people however his indecisiveness and conservatism led to many French people hating their leader.
• Marie Antoinette was born into a very influential family. Upon birth she was the Archduchess of Austria. She married Louis XVI at the age of fourteen. Some time after he ascended into the French throne making her the Queen of France and Navarre.
• The couple had one child in their seventh year after marriage. During the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution her husband was executed for treason. Nine months following his execution Marie Antoinette was also executed for treason.

This is a portrait of Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette.

 

"Marie Antoinette." Wikipedia. 3 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette>.

 

"Louis XVI." Wikipedia. 3 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France.

 

Estates General and the Tennis Court Oath - Josh Broach

 

• Estates General Was formed during medieval times in France with the separation of estates consisting of the Clergy at the top, the nobles in the second estate, and everyone else in the third estate. The Estates General was a periodic meeting of these estates in France.
• 1789 was the most important meeting when the third estate brought a list of complaints about the French government to Versailles. Their main issue was taxation.
• The Third Estate wanted voting based on representation of people while the first and second estate wanted voting based on each estate or one vote per estate.
• The royal council ruled in favor of the Third Estate but now the King felt that the only true tax reform should come by the opinion of the people.
• In doing so, the first and second estate wanted the third estate to meet separately and come up with its own initiatives but the third estate felt wronged, and having the mass numbers chose to call themselves the National Assembly where the Tennis Court Oath then took place.

“AP European History Class Notes”

• Tennis Court Oath Meeting of the Estates General where the third estate (consisting of the common people’s representatives) were shut out from congregating in the royal chamber at Versailles and instead found a nearby Tennis Court where they took the oath to stay united until a constitution was made for France.
• The Tennis Court Oath was the early establishment against Louis XVI that signified the beginning of revolution.
• The Tennis Court Oath was signed by 576 members and read as follows:
  • We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations.

“AP European History Class Notes”

Signing of the Tennis Court Oath

 

 

French Revolution of 1789 (world view)- JCBunch

This was the  first modern revolution because it changed the structure of society, rather than just replacing the existing ruler, and it created new ideologies to explain its course when nothing suitable could be adopted from the past. It helped produced the modern doctrine of nationalism, and spread it directly throughout Western Europe, something that has had enormous indirect consequences up to the present.

 

The storm of the Bastille prison - July 14, 1789

 

 

 

Bastille Day - Colt Burgin

citation:

"Bastille." MSN Encarta. Microsoft. 5 Feb 2009 <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574230/Bastille.html>.

• Bastille was a former French prison that was built in 1370. It became symbolic of royal tyranny

 Fireworks are shot behind a lit Eieffel Tower in Celebration of Bastille Day.

 

Declaration of the Rights of Man - John Caudle

 

• Approved by the French National Assembly on August 26, 1789
• Significant document during the French Revolution
• Representative of the French people formed the National Assembly to gain rights
• It declared the unalienable, natural rights of every man
• It tried to curb legislative and executive power to stop government corruption
• Declared popular sovereignty in contrast to divine right of kings
• It wanted to limit the rights of the nobility
• It strove to create equal opportunity
• It set many standards for the future such as the presumption of innocence
• Although it discusses the rights of “every man,” women and slavery are not mentioned
• This document was one of the first steps taken to a writing of a French Constitution

French School, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789, oil on canvas, Musée Carnavalet, Paris. Photo: Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library.

 

"Declaration of the Rights of Man." YaleLawSchool. 2008. Lillian Goldman Law Library. 5 Feb 2009 <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp>.

 

 

"Human and Constitutional ." RightsDeclaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. hrcr. 5 Feb 2009 <http://www.hrcr.org/docs/frenchdec.html>.

 

 

Jacobins, Committee of Public Safety, Reign of Terror - Andrew Craver

 

Jacobins:

• Most popwerful club in French Revolution
• Meetings were a place where radical political ideas were expressed in heated discussions
• self governed by a 3 branch system
• discussd National Assembly questions
• Wanted to reform government to follow the Rights of Man
• Corresponded with other societies that followed the same guidelines

Jacobins club meeting place

 

Commitee of Public Safety:

• Set up during the National Convention & Reign of Terror
• Responsible for executions including Guillotine exocutions
• Kills many innocoent people, even thought they do catch and execute many radical government opositionists

Guillotine

 

Reign of Terror

• 1793-1794
• Period of high violence during the French Revolution
• Many exocutions, some innocents
• Terror leaders used dictiorial powers to conduct "purges"
• "Terror is nothing more than prompt, severe, inflexible, justice."  - Robespierre

Robespierre

wikipedia.org

 

Thermidor - Lewis Dalrymple

 

• 11^th month on the French Revolutionary calendar
• Named after the French word thermal, which comes from the Greek thermos, and means heat.
• This was the month in which Robespierre and 80 of his followers were beheaded, and the Reign of Terror ended.
• This term can also be used to mean the phase in some revolutions where the political pendulum swings back to a pre-revolutionary state.

 

 

Execution of Robespierre

 

Wilde, Robert. "Thermidor 1994-95." About.com: European History. 2008. 5 Feb 2009 <http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/thefrenchrevolution/a/hfr8.htm>.

"Thermidor." Wikipedia. 2009. Wikipedia. 5 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidor>.

 

 

The Directory - Maggie Dillon

• Formally called the Executive Directory, existed from November 2, 1795 - November 10, 1799
• body of 5 directors that held executive power in France after the Convention and before the Consulate
• Good representative of the second to last stage of the French Revolution
• Under the French Constitution (1795)  property holders elected 750 legislators
  • divided into the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of Ancients.
• 5 directors chosen by the Ancients from a list sent by the 500
• One director retired each year

 

 

 

Napoleon Bonaparte by:Dillon Edwards

• Leading general for the revolutionary republic to an authoritarian empire.
• He reduced parliament to a rubber stamp, and a powerful police system limited freedom of expression.
• However, Napoleon confirmed other liberal gains, including religious freedom, wile enacting substantial equality- though for men and not women-in a series of new law codes.
• Driven by insatiable ambition, Napoleon devoted most of is attention to expansion abroad.
• A series of wars brought France against all of Europe’s major powers, including Russia.
• At it’s height, about 1812, the French Empire directly held or controlled as satellite kingdoms most of western Europe, and its success spurred some reform measures even in Prussia and Russia.
• The French armies crumbled but Napoleon’s campaigns had done more than dominated European diplomacy for more than a decade.
• 

Congress of Vienna and the Congress System - Meghan Edwards

 

-conference of Ambassadors of European States chaired by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich

-held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815

-Objectives -

-to redraw the continent's "political map"

-settle issues arising from French Revolutionary War

-handle effects of Napoleonic Wars

-"Not a proper Congress" (most discussions occurred amidst informal sessions)

-one of the first examples in European history of the entire continent sending representatives to meet and discuss pressing issues at hand

-Participants included the five Great Powers

Austria (represented by Prince Metterninch)

Great Britain (represented by Viscount Casterleaugh)

Russia (represented by Count Nesselrode)

Prussia

France

This impage depicts the Vienna Congress, as well as representives from respective locations in Europe.

Donohue, Lacey. "Congress of Vienna." 1999 5 Feb 2009 <http://www.cusd.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/projects/congress/vienessy.html>. 

 

 

Klemens von Metternich -

Serfdom in Russia - Evan Hoke

• Serfdom was a consequence of the Tartar devastation during the 13^th century when peasants became homeless and settled on the land of wealthy Russians.
• Russian peasants came under complete control of the landowner by the end of the 16^th century.
• Serfdom became hereditary during the middle of the 17^th century.
• 50% of the 40,000,000 Russian peasants were serfs by the 19^th century.
• The nobility owned most of those, but the Tsar and religious foundations owned some.
• Alexander II realized after the Crimean War that Russia was no longer a great military power.
• His advisors argued that their serf-based economy could not compete with industrialized nations.
• Alexander then began to consider the idea of abolishing serfdom, to the dislike of the nobility.
• In 1861 Alexander issued his Emancipation Manifesto, which proposed 17 legislative acts that would free the serfs in Russia.

Russian serfs hard at work.

 

"Russian Serfs." 5 Feb 2009 <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSserfs.htm>.

"Russian Serfdom." 04 FEB 2009 5 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_serfdom>.  

Revolutions of 1848 -Duncan Holter

 

FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848

• Began in February when King Louis-Philippe declared anti-monarchy fundraising banquets illegal, denying the people of France the right to peaceful assembly completely.
• After the Prime Minister resigned, Paris was beset by revolutionaries who barricaded the city and forced Louis-Philippe to abdicate.
• After Philippe's abdication, a provisional government known as the Second Republic was set up. 

 

GERMAN REVOLUTION OF 1848

• Demands for freedom of the press, university self-organization, and a German parliament fueled rebellion.
• In Baden, poor leadership and organization led to the failure of the revolution at the battle of Kandern, on April 20, 1848.
• In Austria, legal action and lack of popular support for the ruling chancellor led to the emperor dismissing him on March 13.
• Successful revolutions in Prussia and Bavaria offset other minor losses, unifying Germany.

 

OTHER REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

• Italy
• Schleswig
• Habsburg Empire
• Hungary
• Switzerland
• Greater Poland
• Wallachia
• Brazil
• Sri Lanka

 

 

Third Reform Act (UK)

 

- J. Hopkins

- The Third Reform Act was proposed in 1884 by Liberal Party leader William Gladstone in response to omissions in the Reform Act of 1867.

- The primary purpose of the Third Reform Act was to extend the franchise to working men in the rural areas of England.

- The proposed act was strongly opposed by the Conservative Party led by Lord Salisbury.

- The Bill was easily able to pass the House of Commons, but was kept from passing in the Conservative controlled House of Lords.

- After political negotiation between the two parties, the Act was passed, but with the provision that a Redistribution Bill, redrawing borough and county lines, would follow.

 

 http://www.victorianweb.org/history/pms/gladston.html- This site provides a biographical sketch of William Gladstone, the promary proponent of the Reform Bill. It also provides a great deal about the Victorian period as a whole, and is very useful.

 

 

Trueman, Chris. "The 1884 Reform Act." History Learning Site. 31 Jan 2009. History Learning Site. 5 Feb 2009 <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/index.htm>.

Napoleon III - Jordan Hubbard

He was the first President of the French Republic and he only emperor of the Second French Empire. The National Assembly would only let Napoleon be president for four years but he wanted to be president longer so he could implement his economic and political reform fully. So he led a coup d’ etat and made himself emperor. He is best known for rebuilding Paris by widening the streets and creating parks. The French economy during his rule was also rapidly modernized through industrialization. Napoleon was captured during the Franco- Prussian war and Germany would take France’s place of being the major power in Europe.

"Napoleon III of France." Answers.com . 5 Feb 2009 http://www.answers.com/Napoleon%20III.

 

 

Napoleon III the Emperor of the Second French Empire.

The Dreyfus Affair -Kim Martinez

 

 

·                    Refers to the wrongful conviction of treason of Alfred Dreyfus in 1894

·                    Dreyfus was a Jewish officer in the French army who was accused, convicted, and sentenced to life imprisonment for supposedly passing secrets to the German embassy

·                    Even though two years after his conviction, exculpatory evidence was discovered and the real traitor revealed, Dreyfus continued to be imprisoned while the real traitor was acquitted.

·                    Finally, Dreyfus was pardoned by the French President and released.

·                    This case brought to light the prevalent anti-Semitic feelings shared by many Frenchmen, and generated political and social controversy, especially against the military and the conservatives.

·                    This case helped lead to the election of a more liberal-minded French government, and helped bring about the separation of church and state.

 

 

     Alfred Dreyfus

 

 

"Alfred Dreyfus." MSN Encarta. 2008. Encarta. 5 Feb 2009 http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560347/Dreyfus_Affair.html.

 

 

Nationalism - Taylor McAlister

• Philosophy that states that the welfare of a nation or state is paramount.
• My nation is the best and everyone else is inferior
• Created when people of a nation unify for the stronger welfare
• Requires both a common identity and a formal authority structure
• First used powerfully during the French Revolution
• Believed to have been used to inspire Hitler and his actions to create Third Reich
• One word to simplify it: pride

 

Kohn, H. "Nationalism."Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 2007.

 

 

 

A symbol of nationalism can be a salute to the nation’s flag.  This represents the pride in a nation.

 

 

Unification of Italy- Elayne Monjar

• Count Camillo di Cavour, who began to support industrial development, formed an alliance with France in 1858
• Alliance allowed him to attack Austrian control of northern Italian provinces
• War caused a nationalist rebellion in peninsula which allowed Cavour to unite Italy under a Piedmontese king
• Led to a reduction of political power of Catholic pope
• Led to the development  of a process, trasformismo or transformation

 

This is  a map of the new unified Italy

Adas, Michael, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Marc J. Gilbert Peter N. Stearns. World Civilizations: The Global Experience 4th edition. Boston: Pearson /Longman, 2004.

“Map of Unified Italy.”  22 May 2009.  http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/63/1763-004-3D68D126.gif

 

Unification of Germany and Otto von Bismarck - Rebecca Overcash

 

 

·         Otto Edward Leopold von Bismarck was born on April 1st, 1815

·         His mother was a notably intelligent and well educated upper middle class commoner.

·         At the age of six Bismarck was sent to Berlin to school in order to receive a good education in association with others of similar background.

·         In 1832, the age of seventeen, he entered the University of Göttingen where he studied law and history but after a year transferred to Berlin to complete his studies as a Doctor of Law.

·         In 1836 Bismarck entered government service with the understanding that he was to be trained towards a diplomatic career and received initial postings in Berlin and Aachen and then another in Potsdam.

 

·         Bismarck attended some of the sessions of the Vereinigte Landtag (the first general parliamentary assembly it had ever recognized) in Prussia and he was called upon to deputize for a representative who was ill.

·         The year 1848 was a year of widespread revolutions in Europe from which the Prussian state was not immune.

·         Bismarck journeyed to Berlin where he urged King Frederick William IV to forcibly suppress the uprising.

·         From 1861 a bitter dispute arose between the Prussian government and Parliament over the size of, and length of service in, the army. The Parliament had granted the government additional funds for reforms, but in 1862 it refused to do so without a reduction of compulsory military service from three to two years. One parliament was dissolved only to be replaced by another that was even less amenable to the king's views.

·         He then called upon the noted conservative Bismarck as an instrument who could well champion the King's cause against the Parliament.

·         The unification of Germany eventually took place on January 18, 1871, when Otto von Bismarck managed to unify a number of independent German states into a nation-state, to create the German Empire.

 

 

 

 

 

This is a photograph of Otto Von Bismarck.

 

 

 

 

 

 

"Otto von Bismarck & German Unification." age-of-the-sage. 5 Feb 2009 <http://www.age-of-the-

                sage.org/historical/biography/otto_von_bismarck.html>.

 

 

"Bismarck, Otto von." britannica. 5 Feb 2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-

                art/66989/74999/Otto-von-Bismarck>.

 

 

Augsleich - compromise of 1867 - Abby Pardue

This is a picture of Austria Hungary when it was one nation or empire.  

Alexander II and the Emancipation of Russian serfs – Andrew Steiner

 

 

-        Alexander II succeeded his father, Nicholas I, as tsar in 1855, at which time Russia was embroiled in a tenuous Crimean War

-        Alexander’s reign is markedly more liberal than that of his father’s, and nowhere is this more evident than in his emancipation of the serfs

-        This effort was undertaken in part because Russia was revealed to be a backward nation during the Crimean War, and it was eager to grow industrially to rebuild its former economic and military strength

-        While the serfs were relinquished of their ties to the mirs (collective farms), they were forced to compensate the landowners for their loss of labor and land through a series of repayments

-        The freed peasants were generally given land unsuitable to cultivation, however, and could not afford the repayments, essentially recreating their previous feudal ties in everything but name

 

 

 

 

 

A reading of the Emancipation Manifesto of 1861 to a group of Russian peasants.

 

 

"Emancipation Reform of 1861." Wikipedia. 5 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861_in_Russia>.

 

 

 

Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women - L.Ross

-Written in 1792

- one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy

-believed women need an education

- calls for equality sometimes, but does not state that men and women are equal

-women should be companions not just wives

-fairly well received

BOSTON: PETER EDES, 1792, NEW YORK: BARTLEBY.COM, 6 Feb 2009

    < http://www.bartleby.com/144/>

The inside over of Wollstonecraft's book.

Women’s Movement and Suffrage--Sara Toomey

·         Feminist movements arose by the 1900’s

·         Legal and economic gains for women

·         Won support from middle-class women

·         With more power in the home, they wanted more political power.

·         Wide petitions and even acts of violence

·         British, German, American, and Scandinavian women could all vote by 1918

 

 

During the 1900s these women wouldn't have even been able to vote.

 

My main source was my text book.

 

Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism – R Stewart

• Romanticism was a movement that originated in Western Europe in the second half of the 18^th century
• Romanticism stressed both natural and emotional appeal of something rather than its rational qualities
• Realism was first practiced in France in the 1850s
• Rather than focusing on life’s metaphysical aspects, Realism stresses the actual nature of life
• Realism, in response to Romanticism, detested the over-analyzation of the surreal aspects of life
• The Impressionist movement began in France in the 1800s
• Impressionism blends the borders between subject and background to capture the entire scene—not just the subject of the painting

 Impressionist Painting--Notice the blurred borders between the people and the background; in doing this, the artist captures the entire scene--not just two girls

 

Warfford, Anita. "Impressionism." AUG 1999. UNCG. 3 Feb 2009 <http://www.uncg.edu/rom/courses/common/impressionism.htm>.

 

Charles Darwin, On Origin of Species - Cameron Tripp

• Born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, England
• Darwin signed onto the HMS Beagle as a clergyman, but assumed the role of naturalist
• His first clues to evolution came not from the Galapagos, but from the fossils he collected in South America, particularly the fossils of armadillos and giant sloths.
• One of his best qualities was that he wasn’t afraid to speculate boldly, as long as he could do it in private.
• The theory of Natural Selection (from On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection) can be summed up as “survival of the fittest.”
• This means that the animals/plants that mutate to have the best attributes will survive the longest and hopefully pass on their traits to their offspring.
• It describes how species develop and why.
• “It is inarguably the most significant scientific book ever published” – National Geographic
• It is still controversial today, but is widely viewed as absolute truth

 

Quammen, David. "The Darwin Bicentennial: Part One." National Geographic Feb 2009: 44-53.

 

A portrait of Charles Darwin, author of The Origin of Species.

Friedrich Nietzsche -

Albert Einstein - Adam Barr

• Born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm in the German Empire
• Died on April 18, 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey of an aneurism 
• Received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect
• Time magazine’s “Man of the Century”
• Worked on the Manhattan Project, which built the atomic bomb
• Was watched by the FBI during the WWII era because he was a German-American

 A picture of Albert Einstein sticking his tongue out in a taunting gesture and hey, let's face it, he can get away with it.

 

"Albert Einstein." Wikipedia. 03 Feb 2009. 5 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein.

 

Sigmund Freud - Dalyn Bellingham

·         Born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia

·         Lived in Austria and was a psychiatrist

·         Best known for theories of the unconscious mind and repression

·         Redefined sexual desires as primary motivational energy of human life

·         Made early neurological discoveries of cerebral palsy

·         His ideas continue to be influential in psychiatry and humanities

·         Died September 23, 1939 in London, England

Sigmund Freud

"Sigmund Freud." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Feb 2009, 18:07 UTC. 6 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigmund_Freud&oldid=268730211>.

 

Social Darwinism - Will Boggs

• Social Darwinism is an idea based upon the idea of Darwin's theory of natural selection. This theory states that there is speciation among species because of the competition for limited resources. Basically this is the idea of "survival of the fittest".
• Social Darwinism, which is based off the theory of natural selection, is the idea that individuals, groups, nations, and ideas drives social evolution in human societies.
• The term first appeared in Europe in 1879 and the idea became popular in America in about 1944 by the American historian Richard Hofstadter.
• Social Darwinism refers to ideas that acutally precede the publishing of Origin of the Species, the book in which Darwin explains his idea of natural selection.
• Others who are known to have an influence on the ideas of Social Darwinism are an 18th century clergyman Thomas Malthus and Darwin's cousin Francis Galton. Darwin's cousin also founded the idea of eugenics towards the end of the 19th century.

This chart illustrates the idea of social darwinism. It explains how humans evolve due to their surroundings, the people they know, and their overall environment.

 

"Social Darwinism." Wikipedia. 3 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism>.

 

Louisiana Purchase and the Monroe Doctrine - Josh Broach

 

• Louisiana Purchase: 828,800 Square Miles of French land in America was purchased by the United States of America.
• The purchase was 15 Million Dollars which is equivalent to 3 cents an acre today
• .Domestic critics said the purchase did not follow the newly formed constitution.
• Thomas Jefferson found the purchase necessary to take control of the port of New Orleans and did not like the idea that for centuries both the French and Spanish had control of this port.
• Napoleon said this following the purchase of Louisiana: "This accession of territory affirms forever the power of the United States, and I have given England a maritime rival who sooner or later will humble her pride."

"Louisiana Purchase." Wikipedia. 3 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_purchase>.

 

EXPANSION FOLLOWING THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

 

• Monroe Doctrine Defining foreign policy of the United States that stated that any intervention of a European nation in the western hemisphere would be seen as an act of aggression and would be dealt with.
• It was to prevent the colonization of any more nations within the western hemisphere by Europe.
• It also stated that the US would not take out any currently existing colonies and would only halt the advance of other colonization attempts.
• President Theodore Roosevelt added his own twist to sandwich intervention of Europe in Latin America with his own Roosevelt Corollary.
• In essence the Monroe Doctrine established the United States as the police and owner of the Western Hemisphere by making certain that no foreign nation would ever intrude and this doctrine as been upheld time and time again in the last 200 years.

"Monroe Doctrine." Wikipedia. Wikipedia. 3 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_doctrine>.

 

Immigration to the US (stay in time period) –  JCBUNCH

Around 1750 The Majority of the East coast and mid west was populated by Great Britain (Yellow) and France (Green). Within 50 years almost everything changed with the formation of the United States and the inhabitance of the west by the Great Britain and Spain.  France lost a majority of the land previously acquired in the east.

 

This "map timline" shows imigration starting from the 1700s to around the present! The map should change with the timeline! =)

Immigration to the US (stay in time period) -

Proto-industrialization -  John Caudle

 

• Influenced and started the Industrial Revolution
• Shift to an Industry based economy
• Rapid spread of manufacturing
• Increased involvement of agrarian peoples in production and marketing
• Lead to specialization in industry and agriculture
• Increase in trade
• Increase in capital and wealth
• Increased dependency on fossil fuels, causing more pollution
• Growth of Cities and urban systems
• Proto-Industrialization resulted in many other social changes due to the coming together of people

This image illustrates proto-industrialization by showing a movement from an agricultural society to an industrial society.  Also it shows early factories and the pollution produced from a new dependency on fossil fuels such as coal.

 

"Proto-Industrialization." Dictionary. 2009. MSN Encarta. 5 Feb 2009 <http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861732557/protoindustrialization.html>.

 

 

"Proto-Industrialization." Proto-Industrialization. 5 Feb 2009 <http://faculty.unlv.edu/gbrown/westernciv/wc201/wciv2c18/wciv2c18lsec2.html>.

 

 

Enclosure Acts - Andrew Craver

• Act where land is taken from the people and divided up
• Fields up were divided so that people would not be able to graize their animanls
• Fields were divided into farms
• Cause revolts and rebellions: The Midland Revolt (1607), Newton Rebellion (1607), & Kett's Rebellion (1549).
• Causes rebellions because the Government cannot divide land up equally.

Enclosure

 

 wikipedia.org and http://www.davidhanauer.com/buckscounty/sprawl/photos/paxson2.jpg

 

English textile trade - Lewis Dalrymple

 

• During the Black Death, only 10% of English wool was made into textiles in England.
• Textiles grew during the 1500s
• Partly due to Navigation Acts, English textiles began to compete with silks on the international market
• In 1699, the English crown forbade it’s colonies to trade cotton with any other country
• English colonies provided cotton and wool for English textile mills
• After the mills produced the finished product, they sold the textiles back to the colonies at higher prices than the raw materials, according to the basic rules of Mercantilism

 

Victorian Era English Textile sample

 

"Textile Manufacturing." Wikipedia. 2009. Wikipedia. 5 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing>.

 

 

James Watts and the steam engine - Maggie Dillon

• the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure above atmospheric to move the piston helped by a partial vacuum
• dramatic increase in fuel efficiency
• Was an improved version of the Newcomen engine which only used a vacuum mechanism
• Used to pump water out of mines
• First example in 1711 replaced a team of 500 horses
• Watts seperated the two condensers so the cylinder remained hot and didn't have to heat up each time
• Used steam instead of atmospheric pressure

 

A late version of the double acting steam engine

 

 

The steamship and the railroad -

Vulcanization and Bessemer process - Meghan Edwards

 

Vulcanization:

-process of curing rubber so that it maintains durability and elasticity

-vulcanized rubber was initially used as erasers in the early nineteenth century, and was considered a novelty for most (Edward Nairne, London, was selling cubes of vulcanized rubber... erasers-duh!)

-as the curing process began to evolve, the rubber went from eraser to linking medical tubes, to medicinal gas. 

Bessemer Process:

-first inexpensive process of for the mass production of steel from molten iron

-Henry Bessemer patented the process in 1855 (this is when the process was not used independently, but on an industrial scale)

-revolutionized steel manufacturing while reducing the cost

Bessemer Converter

 

"Bessemer Process." Wikipedia. 5 Feb 2009 <http://visualwikipedia.com/en/Bessemer_process>. 

"Vulcanization." Wikipedia. 5 Feb 2009 <http://visualwikipedia.com/en/Vulcanization>. 

 

 

New Power Sources

 

During the industrial revolution mechanical power was applied to produce and industrialize goods. This in turn brought upon the fossil fuel revolution, the harnessing of energy from coal, later on petroleum, as a means to power steam and of electric engines. In our shrinking world this was necessary to mobilize laborers on a global scale, as a result of the ever growing economy. Since the world now had to communicate the development of telegraphs and telephones, devices that allowed communication from great distances, was imminent. The telegraph sent messages by electrical impulses, whereas telephones were connected to underground/underwater electrical cables, this allowed vocal communication. Later batteries and electric generators were created for uses most obvious. Rudolf diesel, the creator of the diesel engine was nothing short of a genius, constructed an engine more powerful than batteries and electric engines, it was fueled by petroleum. Very soon it was utilized in all types of vehicles and carriers. These power sources changed the ways of the world.

(justin ford)

Mancebo, François. "Urbanism ." 5 Feb 2009 http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/05/13/68/PDF/Urbanism.pdf.

 

Chartist Movement - Evan Hoke

 

• The Chartist movement occurred in the United Kingdom between 1838 and 1848.
• Chartism was a movement for political and social reform.
• It takes its name from the People’s Charter of 1838, which stated that the six main goals of the movement were:

1)     Suffrage for all men age 21 and over

2)     Equal-sized electoral districts

3)     Voting by secret ballot

4)     No more need for a property qualification for Parliament

5)     Pay for Members of Parliament

6)     Annual election of Parliament

• Chartism could have been the first mass working class labor movement in the world.

This is a flyer promoting the Chartist Movement.

 

"Gerald Massey: A Biography." 5 Feb 2009 <http://gerald-massey.org.uk/massey/cbiog_part_01.htm>.

"Chartism." 22 JAN 2009 5 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartism>.

 

Internal combustion engine - D. Holter

 

Internal combustion engines are the things that make cars go, alright?

 

• In 1823, Samuel Brown patented the first industrial internal combustion engine.
• Internal combustion engines use different cycles depending on efficiency and purpose. 
• The two-stroke cycle works faster, but due to the use of the fuel as a lubricant, has high pollution and can be clogged by its own burnt lube. 
• The four-stroke, or Otto cycle, divides the process into four steps, increasing the safety and efficiency of each one, as well as improving transmission. 
• Other cycles such as 5 and 6-stroke cycles are based off of the Otto cycle, with extra steps added for efficiency.

 

 

Decline of Aristocracy and the Rise of the Middle Class

J. Hopkins

 - During the middle Renaissance and later, the traditionally military role of the aristocracy was decreased due to different advancements in military technology.

- Reformist movements in many European countries challenged the aristocracy’s various privileges. After the French Revolution, most democratic movements were significantly less violent.

- After the Industrial Revolution, a semi-professional manufacturing class formed in cities as well as a burgeoning class of factory owners and operators. This led to a large diversity within the middle class, ranging from the common industrial worker to the newly wealthy business owners.

- Although the new middle class was diverse, many goals were common to the body as a whole. These include: the right to personal property and security, free competition in businesses, minimal interference in economic matters by the government, and a tendency to avoid reform, unless a crisis necessitated change.

- The rise of the middle class culturally changed Europe in many ways. For example, education became more available as parents of the middle class hoped to better their children, a popular leisure culture developed for the masses, and middles class goals were represented more fully in government as the middle class became a powerful political force.

http://gallery.sjsu.edu/paris/social_classes/middle/MC_more.html This website discusses the middle class specifically in Paris. Many aspects of the middle class were similar regardless of country, but Paris differs somewhat, as can be seen by reading some of the site’s articles.

 

 

Urbanization - Jordan Hubbard

 

Mancebo, François. "Urbanism ." 5 Feb 2009 http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/05/13/68/PDF/Urbanism.pdf.

Urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas to cities. Industrialization drew people from agricultural regions to new factory centers. Cities were poorly equipped to handle the crowds of people that came. Sanitation was nonexistent in the poor districts and people were packed so disease spread easier. 

  

People moved from rural areas to the cities to work in factories.

 

Capitalism and laissez-faire economics - Kimberly Martinez

 

·                    Capitalism is an economic system in which private people and businesses carry on the production and exchange of goods and service.

·                    Term “capitalism” was forced introduced by Karl Marx

·                    Basic concepts:

o       Basic production facilities and properties are privately owned

o       Economic activity occurs because of interaction between buyers and sellers

o       Consumers are free to spend their money as they will

o       Capitalism championed by Adam Smith (The Wealth of Nations)

o       Specialized form of Capitalism is Laissez-Faire which basically means for the government to not get involved.  Laissez-Faire means “let things alone.”

 

 

 

 Adam Smith

 

 

"Laissez-Faire." MSN Encarta. 2008. Encarta. 5 Feb 2009 <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578006/Laissez-Faire.html>.

 

 

 

 

Thomas Malthaus, Essay on Populations - Taylor McAlister

• Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) was an English economist
• Wrote popular essay: Essay on Populations
• Full name of essay: "An Essay on the Principle of Population as it affects the Future Improvement on Society, with Remarks on the Speculation of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet and other Writers."
• Wrote this essay in response to the writers that believed man would perfect itself through willpower and reason
• Basis of his essay: "population increases in a geometric ratio, while the means of subsistence increases in an arithmetic ratio."
• Also states that there are two hungers that nature instills in man: hunger for food and sex.  Neither hunger can be controlled
• Soon, he says the world will run out of the resources needed to quell these hungers and life will end soon after
• The point is that the population will thrive and continue to reach that limit and there must be a check or balance to it

 

Landry, Peter. "Thomas Robert Malthus." Biographies. June 2006. Blupete. 6 Feb 2009 http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Malthus.htm#Life.

 

 

Thomas Robert Malthus is the man who wrote the essay on population and stated the ideas that contributed to population growth or defecit.

 

David Ricardo - Iron Law of Wages -

Socialism -Rebecca Overcash

 

Socialism

·        Centrally planned economy in which the government controls all means of production.

·        It was created as a commitment to remedy the economic and moral defects of Capitalism.

·        It has passed Capitalism in economic malfunction and moral cruelty.

·        Modern socialism originated in the late nineteenth-century.

·        Calls for more public rather than private ownership.

·        In socialist view, individuals do not work or live in isolation, but live in cooperation with one another.

·        Everything that people produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it.

·        It is thought that socialism comes from the work of Karl Marx.

·        Even though it continues to be unfavorable, it continues to linger on and stick around.

 

A photo of Karl Marx, thought to be the "ringleader" of socialism.

 

 

"Socialism." econlib. 5 Feb 2009 <http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Socialism.html>.

 

 

"Socialism." britannica. 5 Feb 2009

            <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551569/socialism>.

 

 

"jane dark's sugarhigh!." jane dark. 24 May 2008. 5 Feb 2009 <http://janedark.com/poetics/>.

 

 

 

Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and communism -Abby Pardue

 

Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Communism

"The Philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels." Classic Philosophers. Radical Academy. 7 Feb 2009 <http://www.radicalacademy.com/philmarx.htm>.

 This is a picture of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marx is on the right and Engels is on the left.

 

Trade Unions - L. Ross

-Organization of workers who come together for a common cause

-mainly against the head of a company or against a company

-want to achieve common goals in areas such as pay, hours, skill level, and number of workers

-sometimes give benefits to their members

-consists of many types of workers

-companies don’t like such organizations

-organized strikes

"Trade Unions in the USA." Spartacus. Spartacus. 6 Feb 2009

    <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAunion.htm>

A strike going on at an American mill.