Section 1
Working together using this wiki
Think of this wiki as a shared online whiteboard. The entire class can share information using this wiki, making your research accessible to everyone. You will not have to complete the IDs all by yourself! Play around with this wiki: Notice how you can add comments to a page, see what people have changed, and edit all the text.
How to add your information to this wiki...
- Click on the Edit tab at the top.
- Scroll down to your term and copy and paste your information. (Be sure to add your name after the term)
- Use the right toolbar to insert images and files (be sure to keep your images small - we are all sharing this page)
Use this checklist to check your work: (I use this list to grade your wiki)
- Add your name next to the term/concept you are responsible for (5 pts)
- Underline the term/concept - make it bold or heading 2 size (5 pts)
- Brief summary of term/concept - use bullets or highlight key points (55 pts)
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- Please provide a FULL citation for the source(s) used - www.citationmachine.net can help. (5 pts)
- Post your info in the right location - instead insert your image with caption right under your content. (5 pts)
You are responsible for TWO terms this week.
- When you are done, hit Save at the bottom and view your work (make changes (Edit) as necessary).
- TIP: only one person can edit this wiki at a time, so I suggest you create your entry in a word program first. Then you can simply copy and paste it right in when the wiki is available for edit.
Chapter 14 - The Mongols
Tatars and Tartars - Cameron Tripp
- Tatars are sometimes called Tartars
- A Turkic-speaking ethnic group
- Were originally from the Gobi region of China
- Migrated west under the leadership of the Mongols
- Broke away from the Mongol Empire and created the Golden Hoard
A group of Tartars
"Tatars." Wikipedia. 2008. 14 Nov 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars>.
Chinggis (Genghis) Khan - S. Toomey:
· Born in the 1170s
· Was called Temujin during his youth
· He was thrust into leadership as a teenager
· Many of the chiefs refused to follow him
· He was taken prisoner in 1182
· He then made an alliance with a stronger chieftain to avenge this.
· 1206 he was renamed Chinggis and elected khagan
· He made an already powerful military unstoppable
· Khan developed a system of retribution
o they would save the scholars for their use, but enslave the townsfolk
Stearns, Peter, Michail Adas, Stuart Schwartz, and Marc Gilbert.World Civilizations: The Global
Experience. '4th Ed'. Pearson Longman, 2006.

Ghengis Khan
Karakorum– Russell Stewart
- For a 30 year period in the 13th century, Karakorum served as an important city to Genghis Khan and the Mongols
- Although Genghis Khan did spend time in Karakorum to rally his troops before his campaign against the Khwarezm Empire, at that time it was a small town
- Genghis Khan’s successor, Ogedei, erected a palace as it became a major city
- The city continued to thrive both politically and commercially until Kublai Khan moved the capital to Shangdu in 1260
- Following Kublai's leave, the city served as a mere administrative center for the Yuan Dynasty
Karakorum is located in central Mongolia directly north of the Khustain Nuruu Nature Reserve
Waugh, Daniel. "Karakorum." Cities and Agriculture along the Silk Road. 11 Aug 2008. University of Washington. 14 Nov 2008 http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/karakorum/karakorum.html.
Ogodei - A. Steiner
- Born c. 1186, Coronated 1229, Died 1241
- Third and favorite son of Genghis Khan
- Continued the expansion of the Mongol Empire and was Great Khan when the Mongols expanded furthest into Western Europe
- Destroyed the Jurchen Jin empire in 1234
- Began a 45 year war against the Southern Song dynasty in 1235 that would lead to the annexation of all of China by the Mongols
- The political stability under his rule aided the reemergence of the Silk Road
- Mongol armies were set to invade Vienna and begin campaigns to conquer Europe when Ogodei died, beginning a series of interfamilial power struggles
- Historians mark his death as the start of the decline of the Mongol Empire

This 14th Century painting by Rashad al-Din illustrates the coronation of Ogodei Khan.
"Ögedei Khan." Wikipedia. 14 Nov 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogodei>.
Batu and the Great Horde
Hulegu- Abby Pardue
· Hulegu was a Mongolian ruler that conquered much of Southwest Asia during his reign.
· He lived from 1217 to 1265 and was the grandson of Genghis Kahn.
· Many of his conquests included that of Muslim nations. Hulegu was a proclaimed Christian.
"Hulegu." Wikipedia. Wikipedia. 14 Nov 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan#Background>.

This is a painting of the conquests of Hulegu
"Mongolian History." Mongolian History. 04 Mar 2007. 14 Nov 2008 <http://mongolianhistory.blogspot.com/2007/03/hleg-moves-west-high-living-and.html>.
Muhammad Shah II- Rebecca Overcash
· Turkic ruler of Muslim Khwarazm kingdom.
· Attempted to resist Mongol conquest.
· Had some of Chinggis Khan’s later envoys killed and sent the rest with shaved heads back to khagan.
· This started war in which the Khwarazm were overwhelmed.
· Was conquered in 1220 by the Mongols.
· His cities were completely in Mongol hands within two years after the war.
· He retreated across his empire, and died on a desolate island in the Caspian Sea in 1227.
· By the time of his death, the Mongols ruled and empire that stretched from eastern Persia to the North China Sea.

These are some coins from the time period in which Muhammad Shah II reigned.
The Sultanate of Delhi." Ancient Coins of India. 14 Nov 2008
<http://www.geocities.com/ancientcoinsofindia/alaudinmodshah.htm>.
Stearns, Peter, Michael Adas, Stuart Schwartz, and Marc Jason Gilbert.World Civilizations. 4th.
Pearson Longman, 2006.
List of Rulers: South Asia." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Oct 2004. 14 Nov 2008
<http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ssar/hd_ssar.htm>.
Prester John- Elayne Monjar
- Prester John is a legendary king and priest of a Christian kingdom in Asia, which was surrounded by Muslims.
- The legend of Prester John has been told from the 12th century to the 17th century.
- In 1221, it was said that the son of Prester John was uniting his troops and was going to reconquer and rebuild Jerusalem.
- However, later it turned out that it was Genghis Khan who was portraying himself as Prester John.
- As the Mongol Empire collapsed, Europeans no longer believed that Prester John was a Central Asian king.
"Prester John." Wikipedia. 31 Mar 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prester_John.
This is a depection of Prester John.
Fall of Baghdad-Taylor McAlister
-Baghdad had fallen from their high status, but remained capital of Abbasid Empire
-Baghdad was at first the capital of the Abbasid empire
-led by Hulagu, the Mongols set out towards Baghdad with the largest army ever used by the Mongols in November 1257
-Mongols gained the impregnable fortress, Alamut, as a closer hideout to Baghdad
-Siege began January 29
-divided his forces to attck both sides of the city
-Hulagu trapped the Muslim army by flooding the ground around them
-The Abbasid leader tried to negotiate, but Hulagu would have none of it
-Feburary 10, Baghdad surrendered and 3 days alter, Baghdad was looted
-Death toll was up to 1 million
-The grand Library of Baghdad was destroyed
-The killing was so bad that Hulagu had to move his camp tog et away from the stench
-Baghdad gradually regained some of its glory, but never as much as it had

This is a picture of the siege on Baghdad.
"Fall of Baghdad (1258 C.E.)." The Nestorian Church 14 Nov 2008 <http://www.nestorian.org/the_fall_of_baghdad.html>.
Mamluks- Kim Martinez
- It is an “owned” slave who is a soldier. The soldier has converted to Islam, served the Muslim caphis, and Ayyudi sultans.
- Became quite powerful and soon defeating the Crusades
- On more than one occasion they seized the throne such as in 1250-1517.
- The first mamluks was during the ninth century in Baghdad. This system was an evolved system of Ghulam system, invented by the Caliph al-Mu’tasism.
- Were trained as cavalry soldiers, as well as follow furusiyya code which dictated that generosity to swordsmanship.
- The soldiers came from children captured and taught the Mamluks ways.
A cavalry soldier fighting against the enemies.
"Mamluk." Wikipedia. Wikipedia. 14 Nov 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk>.
Pax Mongolica- Jordan Hubbard
· The phrase Pax Mongolica, which means “Mongol Peace”, was coined by western scholars to describe the stabilizing effects or “peace” the Mongol Empire brought to Eurasia in the 13th and 14th centuries.
· It was said that the people within the Mongol Empire, “enjoyed such a peace that a man might have journeyed from the land of sunrise to the land of sunset with a golden platter on his head without suffering the least violence from anyone.”
· Another saying was that, “a virgin carrying sack of gold could ride unharmed from one border of the empire to the other.”
· Genghis Khan, his sons, and grandsons conquered Southeast Asia to central Europe and as far west as the Mediterranean, securing trade routes like the Silk Road and creating a cultural exchange.
· The Silk Road and trade in general prospered during this time and made for wealthy merchants and cosmopolitan cities.
· Genghis Khan was open to new ideas and was committed to building an empire where diverse people could live in peace.
· The Mongols tolerance of other cultures, religions, and ideas drew many artists and scholars from many different regions
· Handicraft production, scholarship, and artistic creativity flourished during this time period.
· The disintegration of the Pax Mongolica is one of reasons Europeans were motivated to find a sea route to China, since it was no longer safe to travel by land.
· Waugh, Daniel C. . "The Pax Mongolica." Silkroad Foundation. 18 Nov 2008 http://www.silk-road.com/artl/paxmongolica.shtml.

A map of the Mongol Empire and trade routes in the late 13th century.
Mongols and the Silk road
Samarkan
Timur (Tamerlane) - Evan Hoke
- Timur was a Mongol conqueror who lived from 1336 to 1405.
- With his army composed of Turks and Turkic-speaking Mongols, he spent his early military career subduing his rivals in what is now Turkistan.
- By 1369, he firmly controlled the entire area from his capital at Samarkand.
- He advanced across the Euphrates in 1392, conquering the territory between the Caspian and Black seas, and invading several of the Russian states.
- Timur abandoned some of his Russian conquests to return to Samarkand and invade India along the route of the Indus River in 1398.
- He fought in Asia Minor against the Ottoman Turks, and in 1402, at Angora, he captured their sultan, Beyazid I, who, contrary to popular belief, was well treated.
- Timur died while planning an invasion of China.
- Timur's reputation is that of a cruel conqueror.
- Although a Muslim, he was scarcely more merciful to those of his own faith than to those he considered infidels.
- His positive achievements were the encouragement of art, literature, and science and the construction of vast public works.
- He had little hope that his vast conquests would remain intact, and before his death he arranged for them to be divided among his sons.

A reconstruction of Timur Tamerlane.
Content: "Timur." (2007) 14 Nov 2008 <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0848795.html>.
Kubilai Khan
Picture: Szczepanski, Kallie . "Asia." (2008) 14 Nov 2008 <http://asianhistory.about.com/od/profilesofasianleaders/tp/3-Great-Conquerors.htm>.
Chabi-Meghan Edwards
--wife of Kubilai Khan-promoted Buddhist interest through government
--developed policies that united Chinese beneath Mongol rule
--convinced husband Kubilai that harsh treatment of survivors of defeated Song family would anger people of northern China and make them difficult to rule
--turned cultivated lands near the capital into pasture land for the horses of the Mongols
--drew scholars, artists, artisans, and office seekers to the Yuan court

http://www.npm.gov.tw/exh96/orientation/images/b6_5.jpg
Stearns, Peter N.. World Civilations, the Global Experience. Fifth. Pearson Education Inc., 2007.
White Lotus Society- Maggie Dillon
-The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha.
-First signs of the socitey showed up around 13th century, they organized small yet popular demonstrations and protests against foreign rule
-Mongols considered the society a religious sect and banned its existance, forcing the members 'underground'.
-Revolution inspired by the society broke out in 1352
-Buddhist monk and a boy beggar (Zhu Yuanzhang) joined the rebellion and recruited people for the cause by forbidding the soliders of the revolution to pillage on behalf of their religious nature.
- In 1356, they captured Nanjing and made it the capitol, also gaining help of Confucian followers.
- The Mongol leader eventually fled and the mongols began fighting amongst themselves because of their inability to put down the rebellion.
-After over 30 years of war Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China and became emperor starting the Ming dynasty.
Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang
Mongols and the Black Death
Marco Polo - Lewis Dalrymple
- Venetian trader and explorer who gained fame for his worldwide travels
- One of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road into China, along with his father and uncle, Niccolo and Maffeo
- Kublai Khan, one of Genghis Khan's grandsons and ruler of China, took a liking to Marco Polo, as he was an engaging story teller
- Marco was sent on many diplomatic missions, but still told stories to Khan
- Despite the Polos' constant pleas to return to Europe, Khan enjoyed their company so much he refused to let them go
- Eventually, Kublai Khan sent Marco on his final diplomatic mission, escorting a Mongol princess to her betrothed
- Along the way he visited various cities, including Alleppey, which he nicknamed the Venice of the East

Engraving based on the 16th Century painting of Marco Polo
- For a 30 year period in the 13th century, Karakorum served as an important city to Genghis Khan and the Mongols
- Although Genghis Khan did spend time in Karakorum for a short time while he rallied his troops before his campaign against the Khwarezm Empire, at that time it was a small town
- Genghis Khan’s successor, Ogedei, erected a palace as it became a major city
- The city continued to thrive both politically and commercially until Kublai Khan moved the capital to Shangdu in 1260
- After the capital was moved, Karakorum was reduced to a mere administrative center of the Yaun dynasty of China
Karakorum is located in central Mongolia directly north of the Khustain Nuruu Nature Reserve
Waugh, Daniel. "Karakorum." Cities and Agriculture along the Silk Road. 11 Aug 2008. University of Washington. 14 Nov 2008 http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/karakorum/karakorum.html
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