Section 1

 

Working together using this wiki

 

Chapter 10: Medieval Europe

 

Feudalism -

 

Battle of Tours - Adam Barr

 

• The Franks and Burgundians under Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) faced off against the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi
• Fought near the city of Tours, about 20km north of the Frankish city of Poitiers
• The Islamic force was several times larger than the Frankish force, possibly as much as four times larger
• The Islamic leader, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, was slain
• Franks won the battle without cavalry, a notable achievement for this time
• This battle marked the end of Islamic expansion into western Europe

A painting of the Battle of Tours, featuring Frankish leader Charles Martel on horseback.

 

"Battle of Tours." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 29 Oct 2008. 29 Oct 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tours.

 

Charlemagne - Dalyn Bellingham

• Born in 742
• Also "Charles the Great" and "Charles I"
• King of the Franks from 768 to his death
• In 800, he conquered Italy from the Lombards and was crowned Imperator Augustus
• Through his rule and conquests, he helped define Western Europe and the Middle Ages, uniting most of Western Europe for the first time since the Romans
• Associated with the Carolingian Rennaissance, a revival of culture and religion for the Catholic church
• Through Charlamagne's government he had supreme jurisdiction, made laws, comanded the army, and protected the Church and the poor.
• Charlamagne crowned his son, Louis the Pious, co-emperor in 813, and soon fell ill and died in January of 814

                                           

                                   Charlemagne and Pope Adrian I, he maintained a

                                close relationship with the Papacy throughout his life             

"Charlemagne." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 30 Oct 2008, 10:16 UTC. 30 Oct 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlemagne&oldid=248587526>.   

Shahan, Thomas, and Ewan Macpherson. "Charlemagne." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 30 Oct. 2008 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03610c.htm.       

 

Manorialism ($$)- Will Boggs

• the organizing principle of rural economy and society widely practiced in medieval western and parts of central Europe
• manorialism is characterized by the vesting of legal and econmic power to a lord
• the peasants under the Lord's area could pay him in one of three ways; labor, produce, or possibly money if they had any
• each lord was given a plot of land and he was under control of that area, but he had to report to a larger lord that was higher up in the feudal system
• each lord's land had a manor court that was governed by public law and local custom
• Manorialism originated in the Late Roman Empire when the empire expanded they had to have people over the large areas in order to organized the workers
• Each manor under each lord was different in some way, but typically they all contained a court, cottages, huts, farms, and barns. These were all in the same area to make a village type setting that the lord was in charge of organizing.
• Basically the lord would rent out his land to tenants in order for them to repay him in service, produce, or money
• The manorialism system underwent many changes in Europe during the 13th century, but then eventually fell

 

This is a generic plan for the village in the manor that the lord would have to control.

 

 Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 30 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362699/manorialism>.

"Manorialism." Wikipedia. 30 Oct 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism.

 

Roman Catholic Church - Joshua David Broach

 

          The earliest significant movement of the Roman Catholic Church was when the pagan king of the franks Clovis I converted to the faith in 496.

 

          Monastic Rule in 530 was a writing by saint Benedict to organize monasteries throughout Europe. As a result, the people of Europe, especially in rural areas were dominated by the way of life given from the church including agriculture and economy.

 

          By 800 Charlemagne had attempted to use the Roman Catholic Church to unite Europe as one nation. Emperors following Charlemagne however attempted to enforce too much power over the popes and the plan was not successful. AP European History teacher once said the funny thing about the Holy Roman Empire was that it was not holy it was not roman and it was not an empire.

 

          1054 was the east-west schism between the roman catholic church and the eastern orthodox church which resulted after disputes between constantinople and rome as the head of the church of Sicily.

 

          Summa Theologica by Thomas Aquinas was the synthesis of Christianity and thought.

 

          The crusades caused serious conflict from the church with both the muslims (which is obvious and had been building up from arab expansion), the crusades also cemented the schism between east and west when the roman catholic church christians sacked eastern Constantinople.

 

          Avignon papacy was a period where the popes resided in France during the 1300's. Following the return of the papacy to Rome in 1378, the Western Schism occured where there was division between the claims to the pope, the Avignon pope, the Rome pope, and then a compromise pope were all apart of a dispute lasting until 1417.

 

          

This map shows the Western Schism and the Avignon supporters in red with the Rome supporters in blue.

 

The end of the Medieval Roman Catholic Church was marked by serious expansion from the introduction of the age discovery. The protestant reformation was to follow which would cause ultimate division within the roman catholic church.

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Schism

     

 

Vikings - JC Bunch

 

William the Conqueror - Colt Burgin

 

• Born in 1028, in Falaise Normandy
• Had nickname "William the Bastard" because he was the illigetamate son of Robert I.
• After his father's death in 1053, William became succeeded as the heir.
• On Christmas Day in 1066, he was crowned king of in Westminster Abbey.
• During the first years of his reign, he proved his title of William the Conqueror.
  • He destroyed resistance groups
  • He secured the borders of his land
  • In 1072 he invaded Scotland
• Was a very powerful ruler
• Died in 1087 due to injuries he had recieved in the Seige of Mantes when falling off of his horse
• When he died, he took his land and divided it between two of his sons.
  • Robert recieved Normandy
  • William Rufus recieved England

A portrait of William the Conqueror. He was a very powerful ruler and was the king of Westminster Abbey.

Citation-

"William the Conqueror." bbc.co.uk. 30 October 2008. 30 Oct 2008 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/william_i_king.shtml>.

 

 

Magna Carta - John Caudle

Ø      Also referred to as the Great Charter, the Magna Carta was issued in 1215

Ø      King John of England was forced to sign this document after a failed war with France and being taken down from his political position

Ø      First written in Latin

Ø      Confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims

Ø      Form of a limited government in that it protected citizens and restricted government powers

Ø      Laid the foundation for common law and the United States Constitution

Ø      Also set the basis for constitutional law

  This picture illustrates John of England being forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215.

"The Magna Carta." Featured Documents. National Archives and Records Administration. 30 Oct 2008   http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/magna_carta/.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Capetian Dynasty and Centralization of France - Lewis Dalrymple

 

• Largest European Royal House
• Founded by Hugh Capet's coronation as King of the Franks in 987
  • Area he ruled was much smaller than modern France
  • Never used the name "The King of France", but rather used "The King of the Franks"
  • No one really knows what Capet means, as it is a nickname rather than surname
    • Theorized to mean cape, but more likely is derived from the Latin caput, which means head
• Controlled a very small part of the former Carolingian Empire
• Every future King of France was in some way part of this dynasty, as were many other kings of nations
  • The King of Spain is a member of the Capetian Dynasty, as is the Duchy of Lexemburg. Queen Elizabeth is also a direct descendant of Hugh Capet
  • This makes the Capetian Dynasty the longest ruling dynasty in history
• Historians believe that the beginnings of modern France lie with the coronation of Hugh Capet
  • Moved power base in France to Paris
    • Monarchs have since used this city as a center point for ruling the country

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Capet_of_France

 

An imagined image of Hugh Capet, as no contemporary pictures exist

 

Hundred Years War - Maggie Dillon

The hundred years war was a drawn out conflict (1337-1453)  over the French throne after the line of Capetian kings died out. The dispute was between two royal families, the House of Valios of France and the House of Plantagenet, from England. The Valios claimed only the title of King of France, while the House of Plantagenet claimed both the French and English thrones. There were a few brief periods ofpeace and the war ended with the Plantagenets being expelled from the majority of France.

 

 

This map shows the evolution of the Hundred Years war and territories gained by either side. The Yellow is French territory, Grey is English and Burgundian is dark grey.

 

 

 

The crusades: Europe’s POV

(no name)

            Saladin (who was a great Muslim leader) united the Muslims and recaptured Jerusalem defeated the King of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin near the Lake of Galilee.

            When this happened it stunned all of Western Europe. The pope, Gregory the 8^th, ordered another crusade immediately to regain the Holy City for the Christians. This was the start of the third Crusade.

            It was led by Richard the 1^st (Richard the Lionheart), Emperor Frederick Barbossa of Germany and King Phillip of France. These were the most important people at this time. The crusade lasted from 1189 to 1192.

            Philip and Frederick both did not finish their voyage, but the crusade was still on. Before Philip dismissed himself from the Crusade he took control over Acre (a port that the Muslims controlled).

Before they could advance the Battle of Arsur took place and in which Richard lost a lot of men so his voyage was postponed. He rested in Jaffa in the winter of 1191 to 1192. He then ventured to Jerusalem in 1192.

            But by that time he was suffering. He sent message to Saladin for food and water and to his surprise he did. But Saladin had done this on purpose. He was trying to spy on their camp to see how many soldiers he had. He only had 2,000 foot soldiers and 50 fit knights. So once Saladin found out it was over so they came up with a truce.

Richard did not get his name by birth but because of the Crusades. His people and the Muslims praised him.

 

Hanseatic League (trade) - Meghan Edwards

 

-alliance of trading cities and guilds that established a trading monopoly along the coast of Northern Europe

-origins traced back to Duke Henry the Lion, of Saxony

-ships often carried armies, and the cities often came to each others aid

-Hansa societies provided special trade priveleges for their members (such as trading rights in all London towns and fairs throughout...etc.)

-allied cities (Lubeck and Hamburg) controlled most of the salt fish trade

-strong competition with Scandanavians (who controlled the majority of Baltic routes)

-alliances and trading posts in Holy Roman Empire

-eventually included up to 170 cities

-traded timber, fur, rasin, flax, honey, wheat, rye...etc.

 

http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/hansa.html

 

Black Death - The Black Death, or Known as the Black Plague, one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, it was called the Bubonic Plague. A worldwide estimeat of 75 million deaths which killed 30 to 60 percent of Europe's populous. Classic sign was swelling in the groin, neck, and armpits, in which ozzed pus and bled. Most died within eight days. Justin Ford

 

Gothic vs. Romanesque Architecture - Evan Hoke

 

• After the Romanesque period in architecture, around 1200 AD, most people in Western Europe began to build churches and palaces in the gothic style. 
• The most basic difference between the two is that Romanesque churches have round arches, while Gothic churches have pointed arches.
• Gothic churches had many more, much larger windows, and therefore were not as dark as Romanesque churches.
• This was because the architects had learned new ways of making roofs and supporting walls, especially the groin vault and the flying buttress.
• Gothic churches are also usually bigger than Romanesque churches.
• By 1200 AD, people had more money available, and they could afford to spend more on building great churches.
• Many Romanesque churches had wooden roofs (which were always catching fire), while Gothic churches had safer stone roofs.

 

 

 

This diagram shows the differences in Gothic and Romanesque Gothis church designs. Notice the higher pointed arches and larger windows of the "Pure" Gothic as opposed to the Romanesque Gothic.

 

Carr, Karen. "(page title here)" Kidipede - History for Kids. 2007. October 30, 2008. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/architecture/gothic.htm.

Trabia, Carlo. "Sicilian Romanesque Gothic." (2006) 30 Oct 2008 <http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art193.htm>.

 

Scholasticism- Duncan Holter

 

 

     Medieval scholasticism was a popular school of thought in the early second millenium, aiming to reconcile theology with Greek, specifically Aristotlian logic and rational thought. It was an attempt to explore theology from the basis of human logic and reason.

 

MAJOR SCHOLARS OF THE SCHOLASTIC MOVEMENT (AND ACCOMPANYING WIKIPEDIA ARTICLES FTW)

• Peter Abelard
• Albertus Magnus
• Duns Scotus
• William of Ockham
• Bonaventure 
• Thomas Aquinas

 

     Summa Theologicae (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica) was Thomas Aquinas's theological treatise, the most important philosophical/theological text written in his period. It contained a number of doctrines taken from a sythesis of Biblical ideas and logic as seen through the classical tradition. Among its main ideas were the seperation of essence and existence, the idea that all statements about God are analogical or metaphorical, in the sense that human adjectives are insufficient to describe him.

     However, the teachings of Aquinas in general are more relevant to the Catholic church specifically- some of the ideas perceived from this blending of Aristotle and the Bible are rejected by most Protestant denominations, as the Catholic church believes truth can be from both human ideas and God, whereas Protestants generally reject the idea that truth and salvation are by anything other than sola scriptura (scripture alone) and sola fide (faith alone), respectively.

     Despite this, the scholastic movement has had a profound influence on both European and Christian culture to this day.

 

Guilds -

 

Holy Roman Empire - Jordan Hubbard

·         Lasted from 800 to 1806 when Francis II renounced the imperial title.

·         The empire is traditionally believed to have been started by the Frankish King Charlemagne when he was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 on Christmas Day.

·         The reign of the German Otto I is sometimes considered the beginning of the empire in 962.

·         The emperor was elected by German princes until 1356.

·         Reichstag was the legislative body of the Holy Roman Empire.

·         The emperor, crowned by the pope, was considered God’s temporal vicar and could claim supreme temporal rule over Christendom.

·         The empire was also considered to be the successor of the Roman Empire.

·         The empire’s boundaries changed constantly; the boundaries generally included Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, parts of Northern Italy, Belgium, Switzerland (until 1648), the Netherlands (until 1648), Slovenia, France, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, and Poland.

·         Conflict between the papacy and the imperial throne resulted in the investiture controversy during the reign of Henry IV.

·         Emperors ceased to interfere seriously with the papacy again until the Great Schism in the 15^th century.

·         During the Reformation during the 16^th century, Northern German princes converted to Lutheranism to anger Emperor Charles V.

·         The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Thirty Years’ War and recognized the sovereignty of all the states in the empire.

·         "History of the Holy Roman Empire." History World. 30 Oct 2008 <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?goupid=347&HistoryID=aa35>.

 

 

 

 Map of the Holy Roman Empire during the Reformation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Parliament – Andrew Craver

 

 

• Parliament is an idea like a republic.
• Group of officials represent a people.
• Unlike a republic Parliaments represent a select few privileged people.
• Is basically a aristocratic republic.
• The best known parliament is the English Parliament.
• The English Parliament was started when the nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta.

 

This is a painting of the English Parliament

(no image showing)

 

http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/361-03.htm