Bedouins -  Taylor McAlister

• Nomadic arabs that live in the central middle East
• constitues about 10% of the population of the Middle East
• life form is pastoral-herd sheep, goats, cattle, but mostly camels
• normally migtrating to places with lots of water
• nomadic way of living became threat to government
• split into groups based on kin or by profession
• relatively feasible to pass into another group, but marriage is difficult between groups
• each group headed by shaykhs or leaders
• live in tents made out of goat or camel hair
• 7th century: Bedouins expanded territory from Arabia to Syria and Egypt

Kjeilen, Tore. "Bedouins." Looklex Encyclopedia. Looklex Ltd.. 9 Oct 2008 <http://lexicorient.com/e.o/bedouins.htm>.

This is an example of a Bedouin woman.

(what time period? - looks recent)

Mecca and Medina - Adam Barr

Medina:

• Formerly known as Yathrib
• Known by Muslims as “the city of the Prophet”
• Established on an oasis
• Control of the town was split between two Bedouin and three Jewish clans

Mecca:

• Founded and controlled by the Umayyad clan
• Site of the Ka’ba, one of the most revered religious shrines in pre-Islamic Arabia
• The prophet Muhammad spent his early life in Mecca
• Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina in 622 to avoid persecution by the town’s nobles
• Mecca is the site of modern day Muslims’ holy pilgrimage.

8 Oct 2008 <http://www.solcomhouse.com/images/mecca_mosque_H_500.jpg>.
Stearns, Peter. World Civilizations. Fourth. New York, NY: Pearson, 2006

 The Great Mosque of Mecca.

Umayyads -Dalyn Bellingham

• The empire was the second of the four Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad
• Damascus, Syria became the political center for the Umayyads
• Umayyad rule began with the assasination of Ali in 661 and the rejection of Ali's son becoming next in line to rule
• The Dome of the Rock was built, a large architectural advancement along with the building of the elegant Damascus Mosque
• Umayyad armies spread Islam to the borders of India and China and west across North Africa and into Spain.
• Umayyad armies also advanced into France until the French defeated them at the Battle of Tours in 732
• In 747 anti-Umayyad forces united and forcefully overthrew the dynasty.
• The Abbasid dynasty soon emerged as the 3rd caliphate after the death of Muhammad and moved the capital to Baghdad, Iraq

"Early Islamic Civilizations ." SAS Curriculum Pathways . NORTH CAROLINA VIRTUAL PUBLIC SCHOOL . 9 Oct 2008
http://www.sascurriculumpathways.com/ProductEntrance/Launch/launch.jsp?unit=1223.

Umayyad Caliphate." Wikipedia. 8 October 2008 . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 9 Oct 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty.

Muhammad - Will Boggs

• Muhammad lived from approximately 570 to 632 A.D among Saudi Arabia, Northern Africa, and the Middle East
• He was known as the prophet of Islam because of the massive ampunt of people that chose to convert to Islam because of his teachings
• Muhammad was given revelations in which he followed and told other people about his findings
• He attempted to spread Islam in the powerful city of Mecca, but was unsuccesful however he moved to Yathrib and made the first Muslim community
• He used physical means such as fighting to take over parts in the region and eventually he helped to form a pilgrimmage to the Holy City
• He eventually took over Mecca and surprisingly faced little resistance
• Most of Arabia was united under the religion of Islam thanks to the prophet Muhammad
• Although Islam is still a relatively new religion it has affected many people and currently has millions of followers

 This is a picture of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad. This shows the typical dress for the Muslims during his time.

9 Oct 2008 www.amaana.org.

"Muhammad." Muhammad 03 21 2001 9 Oct 2008 http://www.britannica.com/eb/print?eu=108142.

The Rightly Guided Caliphs - Josh Broach

(As you can see the rule of these leaders came immediately after Muhammad united and converted the tribes to Islam)

The Rightly Guided Caliphs were a series of leaders of the Islamic state following the death of Muhammad.

These rulers established the Rashidun Caliphate or Islamic Empire that dominated the middle east and was the center of Islam.

The first four rulers are the ones best known as the righteous or "rightly guided" leaders:

• Abu Bakr (632-634 A.D.) Was the first ruler (caliph) following the death of Muhammad. His general efforts pertained to establishing the terms of zakat
  and salah as necessities to being a total Muslim.
• Umar ibn al-Khattab, (Umar І) (634-644 A.D.)  Took over much of the Middle East including Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persian areas (also North African territories).
• Uthman ibn Affan (644-656 A.D.) Centralized revenue throughout the empire and preserved the Kuran as it is known today.
• Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 A.D.) Caused great division in the Islamic empire after initially dismissing several provincial leaders and
  replacing them with his own trusted rulers.

Some of these early rulers of the Islamic Empire were democratically elected while others were appointed by their predecessor.

Abu Bakr vs Ali -

Selection of a leader: Abu Bakr vs. Ali- John Cody Bunch

http://www.mentalfloss.com/difference/?p=46

http://www.ricardocosta.com/pub/imperiosnegros.htm

 Abu Bakr

Picture of Abu Bakr

Sunnis/Shiites -Colt Burgin

• The Sunnis and the Shiites are the two major branches of the Islamic religion.
• Main Difference between-
  • Sunnis believe that the first four of Muhammed's successors took their place as Muslim ruler rightfully
  • Shiites believe that the successor of Muhammed should have been his son and law, Ali or anyone from the family line of Muhammed.
• The split occured in 680 C.E.
• Today, there are approximatley 940 million members of the Sunni branch and 120 million in the Shiite branch.
• The Sunnis and Shiites did have one thing in common- They both believe that Allah is the only god.
• However, the Sunnis believe that Allahs has a body but isnt human. They also believe that Allah can be seen by humans.
• Shiites believe that Allah doesn't have a body and no one will ever be able too see him.
• Sunnis believe that if Allah commands it, it is a good deed. (ex. If Allah commanded you to steal or kill, it wouldnt be considered a sin.)
• Shiites believe that Allah does not command actions without a specific purpose
• Shiites even have a different form of prayer-
  • Sometimes during prayer, Shiites will place their head on a hard piece of clay instead of a customary mat.
    They will also sometimes combine prayers,shortening the 5 prayers a day rule to 3. 

This is Ali. He was the son-in-law of Muhammed who the Shiite group believes should have succeded Muhammed as Caliph. Sunnis believe that the successor did not have to be Ali or a member of Muhammed's family.

Citations-

Nosotro, Rit "Sunni and Shiite Branches of Islam." hnn.us. 8 October 2008 http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw11sunnishiitesplit.htm

"What is the Difference Between Sunnis and Shiites--and Why Does it Matter?"hnn.us . 8 October 2008 http://hnn.us/articles/934.htnl

Quran - John Caudle

• Arabic Translation mans "the recitation"
• 1st written in Arabic
• The Quran is the central religious text of Islam
• Book of divine guidance and leader of mankind
• Emphasis on Morality
• Excludes scientific belief with the nature of Gods works
• It is thought that the Quran was revealed to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel
• Written down by Muhammad's followers, but widely expressed orally
• Muslims still follow the teachings of the Quran today and this book has been
  translated into numerous languages, including Asian and European translations

http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/

http://quran-online.net/

The Five Pillars     – Andrew Steiner


This is the term given to the duties that every Muslim must carry out; it mainly applies to the majority Sunni sect of Islam,  though Shi’a Muslims have eight rituals that overlap with the Five Pillars.  The Pillars include: 
-         Shahada: the basic tenet of Islam, states: "I testify that there is no god but Allah, and I testify that  Muhammad is fully submitted and messenger of Allah"  -         Salah: the requirement to pray five times a day while facing Mecca; the times of prayer include:  dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and dusk 

-         Zakat: obligatory giving to charity depending on ability to do so 

-         Sawm: ritual fasting during the month of Ramadan from dawn to dusk except in cases of medical  or other emergencies where fasting would cause harm to the individual; must also be mindful of ordinary sins

-         Hajj: a pilgrimage made during the month of Dhu al-Hijjah to Mecca; only mandatory for men  

Muslim men in New York City performing the Salah
Seitz, Barr. "Islam Rising Tide in America." Islam on the Rise. 

   

   Jannah.Org. 8 Oct 2008 <www.jannah.org/articles/islamicrise.html>. 

Sufis -

Abbasids - Lewis Dalrymple

• Ruled the 3rd dynasty of Caliphates between 750 CE and 1258 CE
  • Created by a rebellion against the ruling Umayyads
• Were much more liberal than the former Umayyads, which is shown in their acceptance of outsiders into their culture
• In 762 CE, they moved their capital from Harran to Baghdad in order to establish a better connection with their Persian supporters
  • Because of this shift, a rift between the Arabs and the Caliphate formed
• Established the position of Vizier, which reduced the Caliph's power to that of a figure head
• Focused more on science than conquering of others
  • Translated the work of Greek philosophers into Arabic, and thusly preserved them for future generations
  • Made many mathematic advances, such as the numeral system we use today, and invented algebra
  • Created a better compass for sailing
  • Had a much better grasp of medicine than their European counterparts
• Ended when Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad
  • Even though their empire was gone, they still claimed authority of religious matters from their base in Egypt

Mamluks and Seljuk Turks - Maggie Dillon

   Seljuk -a group of nomadic invaders from central Asia (Persia)

   -gained control of the Abbasid Empire.

   -They were Sunni muslims

   -able to restore political initative to the caliphate for a brief time

   -opened the way to settling Asia Minor (Anatolia) 

   Mamluks -Turkic (Muslim) slaves who ruled Egypt around 1258 BCE

   - Defeated the Mongos and Ain Jalut in 1260 and stopped their advance  -Warriors well trained in horsemanship, calvary tactics, archery and treatment of wounds.

   -followed furusiyya a code that put value in courage, honor, and genorosity. 

drawing of Mamluk warrior 

Crusades (include Saladin) - Islamic POV -

Ibn Khaldun and other scholars - Meghan Edwards
-considered the "father of social sciences"

   -Arab polymath (subjects learned and taught were not restricted to one subject area)

   Education included, but was not limited to the following: 

   astronomy, history, theology, law, math, military strategy, nutrition and medicine, and science -Memorized the Quran
-Some say his life can be divided into three parts:
(First twenty years): Education
(Second twenty-one years): Political Career
(Third thirty-one years): Life as a scholar, teacher, and magistrate
-bases theory of human desire for royal power on the animalistic qualities posessed by humans
-Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah written in 1377, can be compared to Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations which 
was written four centuries later and represented the start of modern economics
-first wrote about the logic of history 
-appointed as Quadi (judge) by the Sultan of Egypt
-was often imprisoned for his views and opinions 
-often wished to solve problems through logic and with evidence
-was all about the "necessity of cooperation"
Other Scholars of the Time Included:
Avicenna:
-wrote various books on a wide range of subjects, his works including, The Book of Healing and the Canon of Medicine
-regarded as the "father of early medicine"
-developed and studied "psychological psychology" as a means of 'healing' and 'treating' emotions
Al Suyuti:
-studied grammar and laws of inheretence 
-received "religious authorization" (something extremely uncommon for the time)
-studied under a total of 150 teachers total
Al Biruni:
-studied science, physics, history, and theology
-many published works on astronomy, time-measurement, geography, mechanics, pharmacology...etc.
-spoke five languages (Greek, Sanskrit, Arabic, Syriac, Berber) 
       
Al Biruni            Avicenna                 Work by al Suyuti        Ibn Khaldun
http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm 

Mongols- Elayne Monjar 

   

·         A  nomadic central Asian people

·         United by Chinggis Khan, a great war commander

·         Began to raid the Turko-Perisan kingdoms in 1220s and destroyed them

   

·         Khan’s grandson, Hulegu, continued “family legacy” by assaulting the Islamic civilization in 1250s.

   

·         In 1258, the Mongols sacked the city of Baghdad and killed the last Abbasid caliph

   

·         Mongols were eventually defeated by the Mamluks, Turkic slaves, who ruled Egypt

   

·         The Mongols were an external force that caused the city of Baghdad to change from being one of the greatest cities of the world to “a provincial backwater.”  Also the Mongols, helped the destruction of the Abbasid empire.


Adas, Michael, Marc J. Gilbert, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Peter N. Stearns. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Ap Edition. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006.


   "Mongol."  09 October 2008.  http://warandgame.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/mongolwww.jpg 

   

 

This is a picture of a Mongol officer.  

Stateless Societies - Evan Hoke

• Stateless societies were organized around kinship or other forms of obligation.
• They lacked the concentration of political power and authority we normally associate with the state.
• Stateless societies had forms of government, but the power normally held by a ruler and his court could instead be held by a council of families or the community.
• There was no need to tax the population to support the ruler, the bureaucrats, the army, or the nobles, as was usually the case in state-building societies.
• Government was rarely a full-time occupation in stateless societies.
• Many stateless societies thrived, aided by the fact that internal social pressures or disputes could often be resolved by allowing dissidents to leave and establish a new village.
• It was difficult for stateless societies to resist external pressures, mobilize for warfare, organize large building projects, or create stable conditions for continuous long-distance trade.
• These needs and goals contributed to the formation of states in sub-Saharan Africa.

Cultural and linguistic regions of East Africa, an area of the African stateless societies.

Stearns, Peter, Michael Adas, Stuart Schwartz, and Marc Gilbert.World Civilizations. 4th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006.

"Ganda." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 09 Oct. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225157/Ganda>.

Berber States and the spread of Islam - Holter
The Berbers are a collection of native African people living west of the Nile River, who share a common 
linguistic base. The Berbers were heavily influenced by the coming of Islam, the new religion taking 
hold among the peoples like a wildfire, spreading across Africa. The more nomadic Berbers were quick to 
ally themselves with the Arab conquerors, but the established city-states and towns were more reluctant 
to submit to Arab rule, having been built on Judaism and Christianity. Unfortunately these cultures 
too were overrun by the spread of Islam, and despite an acceptance of Islam in the Berber peoples, they 
were treated harshly by the Arabs, being heavily taxed and in some cases even enslaved. This racist 
attitude toward the Berbers culminated in the Kharijite Rebellion of 739. Objecting to Ali's caliphate, 
the Berbers took the side of the Sunnis and becoming important to the later rise of the Umayyad Sunni era.

Ethiopia and Christian Kingdoms

Sahel- Jordan Hubbard
 ·         The Sahel is a grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara and it has a semi- arid tropical ecosystem with a hot climate.     ·         Covers 1,178,800 square miles

   ·         Includes the countries of Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Eritrea. 

   ·         The first domestication of plants for agricultural purposes in Africa took place in the Sahel region around 5000 BCE with the cultivation of sorghum and rice. 

   ·         Many Sahel kingdoms or empires came and went. Ex. Ghana Empire, Sosso Empire, Mali Empire, Songhai Empire(most powerful state), Kanem- Bornu Empire, and the Fulani Empire.

   ·         The kingdom’s or empire’s wealth came from controlling the trade routes across the desert. 

   ·         The kingdom’s power came from its use of camels and horses which were fast and good in battle, but useless in expanding south because they could not survive the heat.

   ·         Most people in the Sahel region are semi- nomads. 

   ·         During the 1970’s there were droughts that killed over 300,000 people. 

   ·         "Sahel." Sahel- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. October 8, 2008. 9 Oct 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel.

• 
  
• 
  Map of the Sahel region

• Coastal Trading Ports-Kimberly Martinez
•  

  Small villages along the coast that are made up of fisherman and farmers.

  The people made pottery as well as worked with iron in these areas of the coast.

  The refugees came by 8^th and 9^th centuries from Oman and the Persian Gulf.

  The people made home in some of these villages, and traded regularly.

  During the 13^th century east African trading ports developed along this area- the coast.

  These areas along with the Bantu spoke Swahili language and had many other cultural traits.

  The main exports were: ivory, gold, iron exotic animals and slaves. They exchanged these for, in Persia, silk and in China, Porcelain.

  One of the wealthiest towns was Kilwa, for it controlled Sofala, a southern port. There were as many as 30 of these kinds of ports. They had caravans trade and in China ports were sent the goods directly to Africa.

   

   

  This is a map of the trade routes from East Africa.

 Stearns, Peter. World Civilizations. 4th. New York: pearson Education Inc., 2006.

• Ibn Batuta -Taylor McAlister
• 1304-around 1368
• well-known scholar and jurisprudent in the school ofSunni Islamic law (Maliki Madhhab)
• Best known as an explorer and adventurer who explored the Muslim world for nearly 30 years
• dictated his findings to a man named Ibn Juzayy from Grenada
• began his travels as a pilgrimage to Mecca then went on to explore 75,000 miles of the Muslim World
• lost father and mother to the Black Death
• dictated and inspired the writing of A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling

  
The explorer himself, Ibn Batuta, going on his hajj and beyond.

• Son-Jara (Sundiata) epic -Abby Pardue
• The epic of Son-Jara is about a king who is told by a prophet that if he marries an ugly woman, the son he has by her will be a mighty king, a king of all kings
• The king of this land married an ugly woman who was presented to him, and she bore him a son. After years of suffering by the people of the kingdom, the son finally assumes the throne and is a mighty king.
• This king was the founder of the Mali Empire of Wes Africa and became a hero of the Mandinka people.
• Knowledge of the West African culture in the 13th century, when the Mali Empire was at its peak is based primarily on oral traditions, especially the epic of Son-Jara
• Because there are little written works of this time, historians have given a great amount of credibility to this epic as a basis for West African culture.

Above is a map of the Mali Empire, which is the civilization that the epic of Son-Jara originated.

Bantu Migrations-Rebecca Overcash

• ·        The Bantu originated in the north western area that they now occupy.                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

  ·        Migration began in about 1000 BC and continued until the 3rd or 4th century AD.

  ·        Speakers of the Bantu language began to travel south and east.

  ·        The first wave of migration followed two paths into the rain forest and around the Congo River.

  ·        The rain forest didn’t provide much room for farming, so some groups moved towards the east coast of Africa.

  ·        The other groups moved to the south, where the land was suitable for raising livestock.

  ·        The Bantu did introduce many things to the areas in which they migrated.  They were agricultural people and introduced crops like millet and sorghum.  It is also said they may have introduced iron smelting and iron tools.

  ·        The real known cause of the migration is still unknown, but some of the possibilities are: overpopulation encouraged some groups to move away in order to practice agriculture, they were in search of fertile land, they may have moved because of internal conflicts within communities, or external attacks by neighbors.

  ·        Migration throughout Africa is one of the largest migrations in human history.

   

  "Bantu Migrations." 9 Oct 2008 <http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/imaps/AC_06_206_bantu/AC_06_206_bantu.html>.

  Kromer, Erica. "Bantu." 9 Oct 2008 http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/bantu.html.

This map shows where the Bantus came from and where they migrated to.


    

   

"Bantu Migration." MSN Encarta. 9 Oct 2008 http://encarta.msn.com/media_701611637/bantu_migration.html

• Patriarchal vs. matriarchal: Lise Ross
  
•  
• Matriarchy- rule by women; specifically a society or clan group were the authority and power descends through the women of the society
  
  Patriarchy- rule by men; specifically a society or clan group were the authority and power descends through the women of the society
  
  Africa is traditionally matriarchal based
  
  It occurred more in the agricultural societies
  
  Men would run the village, while women would run the household and family
  
  
• Resource: Martin and O’Meara(1995). Africa. Third Edition. Indiana: Indiana University Press.

• Saharan Trade Networks: Andrew Craver
  
• · Probably started around 750 BCE
  
• · Really started to trade after the use of camels began
• · Camels were great because they required little maintenance and could carry heavy loads
  
• · Caravans started
  
• · Caravans: groups of merchants who would travel and live together, usually family
  
• · Soon there sprang up towns then cities in the oasis’s, these soon became trade and re-supply stops]
  
• http://www.greatestcities.com/1756pic/320/CP4...
  
  
• Citation: http://africa.mrdonn.org/traderoutes.html
  
  
  

• Arab slave trade in Africa – Russell Stewart

   

   

  • In the 600’s AD Arab Muslims expanded into Northern and Eastern Africa
  • For a short while Blacks and Arabs lived peacefully
  • Over time Arabs developed resentment towards Blacks and disgust at having to work beside them
  • Arab Muslims would hire Black Muslims to raid African villages to capture, enslave, and sell to Arabs
  • African slaves were marched to the North African coast to board Arab ships
  • Slaves were taken to market to be sold to Arabs for their own purposes

   

   

• "The Forgotten Holocaust: The Eastern Slave Trade." Sankofa Project Guide. 14 March 1999. 10 Oct 2008 <http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Classroom/9912/kamguidepg.html>.

 The picture shows Arab slave traders "herding" slaves to board Arab slave ships off the coast of Africa

    http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t304/T304556A.jpg

African Gold Trade--Sara Toomey

• At first, fruits were traded with Bantu-speaking tribes
• by the 8th and 9th centuries, many relied on the eastern African coast for trade
• As time progressed, expensive jewels, ivory, and gold were being traded.
• Gold was traded for Persian silk and Chinese porcelain
• The richest island was that of Kilwa because it had control over a port with access to interior gold

   this is a map of the gold trade routes.

• Indian Ocean trade network - Cameron Tripp
• The Indian Ocean Trade network began with small trading settlements around 800 A.D.
• As trade grew between Africa and Asia, large city-states sprung up along the eastern coast of Africa.
• The city-states traded with landlocked countries, and then exported those goods to Asia.
• Common goods were ivory, gold, and iron.
• Asia also exported goods to Africa.
• They traded silk, cotton, spices, and porcelain.
• East Africa was an ideal center for trade.
• There was relatively little conflict in the area, and there were plenty of good harbors.
•  A map of the Indian Oceans trade routes!
•  
• Celebi , Joan. "The Indian Ocean Trade: A Classroom Simulation ." 1993. 9 Oct 2008 <http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/materials/handouts/indian.html>.
•