Section 1

Working together using this wiki

 

Identifications - Rise of the West

 

Columbian Exchange -  Cameron Tripp

 

The Columbian exchange was the transfer of goods and culture from the Old World to the New World

 

The following traveled to the Americas: Bold = important

Animals	Plants	Diseases
·        Cow ·        Pig ·        Donkey ·        Horse ·        Dog ·        Goat ·        Goose ·        Chicken ·        Camel ·        Cat ·        Bee ·        Sheep ·        Water buffalo ·        Silkworm	·        Apple ·        Sugarcane ·        Citrus ·        Banana ·        Coffee ·        Oat ·        Wheat ·        Pea ·        Opium ·        Soybean ·        Tea ·        Watermelon	·        Chicken Pox ·        Bubonic Plague ·        Tuberculosis ·        Typhoid ·        Scarlet Fever ·        Measles ·        Malaria ·        Cholera ·        Influenza ·        Smallpox ·        Yellow Fever

 

The following traveled to Europe/Asia/Africa:

Animals	Plants	Diseases
·        Alpaca ·        Llama ·        Dog ·        Guinea Pig ·        Turkey	·        Avocado ·        Blueberry ·        Coco ·        Corn ·        Peanut ·        Rubber ·        Squash ·        Potato ·        Tobacco ·        Vanilla	·        Syphilis ·        Great Pox ·        Yaws ·        Yellow Fever

 

 

A map showing some of the things exchanged between the New and Old Worlds.

 

"Columbian Exchange." DEPARTMENT OF AMERICAN INDIAN STUDIES. 2003. 11 Dec 2008 <http://daphne.palomar.edu/scrout/colexc.htm>.

 

 

"Columbian Exchange." Wikipedia. 2008. Wikipedia. 11 Dec 2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Exchange.

 

 

Spanish Inquisition--Sara Toomey

 

·         lasted from 1478-1834

·         both political and religious reasons

·         they wanted to unite Spain under Catholicism

·         Jews, Muslims, and Protestants were all executed

·         Tomas de Torquemada established rules for inquisitorial procedure

·         he is believed to be responsible for 2000 executions

·         accused heretics had to go before a tribunal

·         They were forced to admit heresy and turn other heretics in.  If they refused, they were put to death publicly.

Kreger, Kristin. "The Spanish Inquisition." WebChron. 5 May 1997. 8 Dec 2008

          http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/westeurope/SpanInqui.html

This shows some of the torture inflicted to non-Catholics.

 

 

 

Iberian wave of exploration – R Stewart

• Because the first two countries to actively participate in the Age of Exploration—Portugal and Spain—were both located on the Iberian Peninsula, the early expeditions are referred to as the Iberian wave. 
• Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal established a navigation school at Sagres in the 15^th century
• The Portuguese were primarily concerned with finding an efficient ocean trade route to India
• The Portuguese sponsored several voyages south along the western coast of Africa
• In 1488, Bartholomew Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa, naming it the Cape of Good Hope
• The Spanish (at the time a world power) eagerly joined the maritime exploration
• In 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain sponsored the voyage of Christopher Columbus
• Columbus sailed west and discovered the continents of North and South America
• Columbus’s discovery stimulated interest from other nations in maritime exploration

McCannon, John, and Pam Jordan. How to Prepare for the AP World History. Barron's Educational Series, 2002.

 

 

The map shows routes of exploration from Portugal south along the western coast of Africa.

 

 

Cape of Good Hope – Andrew Steiner

 

-         The Cape of Good Hope is the point on the coast of Southern Africa that ships begin to travel more eastward than southward

-         It is a common misconception that it is the southernmost point of Africa; that title belongs to Cape Agulhas

-         Rounding the Cape of Good Hope is a symbolic milestone for the Europeans in their efforts to establish trade with India and East Asia

-         Bartolomeu Dias was the first to reach the cape, naming it the “Cape of Storms,” but was renamed the Cape of Good Hope by John II of Portugal

-         Eventually became home to a Dutch resupply outpost and colony (Cape Colony), but was ceded to the British in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, who administrated it until the establishment of the Union of South Africa in 1910

 

 

 

 

This map clearly shows the locations of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas, which is located 150 km to the southeast.

"Cape of Good Hope". Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. 12-11-08 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope>.

 

 

Dutch East India Company – Liselotte Ross

-    established in 1602

-    first multinational corporation in the world

-    first company to issue stock

-    dissolved in 1798

-    chartered by the States-General of the Netherlands

-    headquarters in Batavia

 

the symbol of the Dutch East India Company

See A. Hyma, The Dutch in the Far East (1942, repr. 1953); study by B. Gardner (1972).

British East India Company

The British East India Company was a joint-stock trading company that originated in Britain in the 1600s by Elizabeth I. This company was to extend trading routes to the East Indies but instead Britain began trading with India and China. The company was not abolished until 1874 with the Government Act of India. Britain soon came to rule over the nations they traded with by using excessive military power. The monopoly that was created by this company greatly hurt other nations’ economy. 

This is the flag of the British East India Company

Landow, George P. "Victorian Web". Brown University. December 11, 2008 <http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/eic.html>.

 

 

Battle of Lepanto-Rebecca Overcash

 

• October 7, 1571
• Fought in the Gulf of Lepanto (now Gulf of Corinth)
• Naval battle between the Holy League (Christians) and Ottomans
• Ottomans were defeated by the Holy League
• Holy League was led under John of Austria
• Ottomans were led under Uluc Ali Pasha
• Holy League was an alliance of Spain, Venice, Genoa, and the Papal States formed by Pope Julius II in 1511.
• First major victory of the Christians over Ottoman Empire.
• Approximately 15,000 Turks were slain or captured, some 10,000 Christian galley slaves were liberated
• The Christians lost around 7,000 men
• The Ottomans retained supremacy on land and quickly renewed their fleet.
• If the Ottomans would have won, the Ottoman Empire would have probably been supreme in the Mediterranean.

 

A photo of John of Austria- Leader of the Holy League.

 

"Lepanto, Battle of." Info Please. 11 Dec 2008

            <http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0829458.html>.

 

"Battle of Lepanto." MSN Encarta. 11 Dec 2008

            <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564639/battle_of_lepanto.html>.

 

"Calendario del Siglo de Oro, 1469–1700." nick.frejol. 11 Dec 2008 <http://nick.frejol.org/siglo-

            de-oro/>.

 

 

Mercantilism- Elayne Monjar

• Mercantilism is the doctrines which urged that a nation-state state not import good from outside its own empire but sell exports as widely as possible in its own ships.
• Mercantilism reflected and encouraged the new world system
• Due to the mercantilism doctrines, tariff policies became more frequent because nation-states tried to discourage its people not to by goods from other traders
• This political policy caused core nations to become more dominant over its colonies, for instance, the British Empire and the American colonies.  The British did not want to the Americans to buy from anyone else, e.g. the Dutch.

 

The British began to increase taxes/tariffs in the American colonies on items that were being sold by traders who are not apart of the British Empire. 

The increase in taxes resulted in the Boston Tea Part, 1773

Adas, Michael, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Marc J. Gilbert Peter N. Stearns. World Civilizations: The Global Experience 4th edition. Boston: Pearson /Longman, 2004.

“Boston Tea Party.”  22 May 2009. www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/00_01/sp/btp/btp.htm

 

Mestizos

New France- Kimberly Martinez

 

·         Viceroyalty of New France was a colonized in North America by the French.

·         Giovanni de Verrazzano set sail from the King of France to the Carolinas. This showed and began the whole exploration and later New France development.

 

·         The New France was a colony during the 16^th century in the era of great explorations and trade.

·         They had many fishing expeditions in these areas.

·         In 1534 Jacques Cartier claimed that Gaspe Peninsula for the king of France. It was the first Province for New France. What was so impressive with St. Lawrence River that was claimed was that it had fur. Fur in Europe was becoming harder and harder to get hands on, so finding so many pelts was indeed a victory.

·         The New France soon was occupying from St. Lawrence River to Montreal, Quebec and other parts of Canada, for New France.

          New France stopped in 1763 when the French swore vengeance on Britain.

 

 

"New France." Wikipedia. 10 Dec. 2008. 11 Dec. 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/new_france>.

 

 

Seven Years War (include Treaty of Paris 1863)- Jordan Hubbard

 

·         Lasted from 1756 to 1763

·         It was a two front war; the first front was in Europe and the second was in the colonies which called the war the French and Indian War.

·         After the War of Austrian Succession a Diplomatic Revolution occurred, France and Austria aligned themselves along with Russia, Sweden, and Saxony with the Treaty of Versailles against Frederick the Great of Prussia who received aid from Great Britain.

·         Tensions erupted in 1755 in North America when both French authorities and British colonists laid claim to the Ohio River Valley.

·         Robert Clive expelled the French form India and it became a colony of Great Britain’s.

·         Austria wanted a return of territories like Silesia from Prussia, and Russia and France were worried about the growing power of Prussia and is own borders.  

·         January 5, 1762 Empress Elizabeth died and Peter III, who admired all things Prussian, ended the war with Prussia which gave Frederick the advantage to go on and defeat Austria.

·         The war ended France’s position of being a major colonial power in America because it lost its colonies in Canada to Great Britain.

·         In the Treaty of 1763, France gave Spain the Louisiana Territory and it gave Great Britain New France.

·         "HISTORY OF THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR." History World . 11 Dec 2008 <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa66>.

 

 

 

Frederick the Great of Prussia who started the Seven Years War in Prussia.

Italian Renaissance

Northern Renaissance

Humanism

Protestantism - Evan Hoke

• In 1517, Martin Luther, a German monk, nailed a document containing 95 propositions to the door of the castle in Wittenberg.

• Luther began to challenge many Catholic beliefs, even the authority of the pope himself.

• He argued that monasticism was wrong, the priests should marry, and that the Bible should be translated from Latin so ordinary people could have direct access to its teachings.

• Luther gained the support of many Germans who resented the authority and taxes of the pope. 

• Princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence and seize church lands.

• The Lutheran version of Protestantism promoted state control of the church as an alternative to papal authority, which had obvious political appeal.

• Unlike Catholicism, Lutherans did not see special vocations as particularly holy; monasteries and some of the Christian bias against moneymaking were abolished.

• Once the Christian unity was breached, other Protestant groups sprang forward.

• Henry VIII set up an Anglican church, originally to challenge papal attempts to enforce his first marriage.

• Jean Calvin insisted on God’s predestination, or prior determination, of those who would be saved.

• The Catholic Church did not stand by under the Protestant attack; they began to undergo a Catholic Reformation in which they revived Catholic doctrine and refuted key Protestant tenants.

•  

Luther, the founder of Protestantism.  

 

Content: Stearns, Peter, Michael Adas, Stuart Schwartz, and Marc Gilbert.World Civilizations. 4th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2006.  

Picture: "Protestantism." 4 Dec 2008 <http://timothyministriesnewsandresources.blogspot.com/2007/03/theological-dictio nary-word-of-day_1228.html>.

 

Anglican Church--Meghan Edwards

-The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase meaning the English Church

 

-forms one of the branches of Western Christianity (a combination of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism); sometimes referred to as "via media" (the middle way)

 

-deemed the Old Testament as the "ultimate standard of faith"

 

-grace, sanctification, and salvation are primarily stressed through doctrine

 

-Anglican faith became popular in Canada

 

-seven sacraments: Baptism, Confession and absolution, Holy Matrimony, Holy Eucharist (also called Holy Communion or Mass), Confirmation, Holy Orders (also called Ordination), and Anointing of the Sick (also called Unction.)

 

http://www.anglicancommunion.org/ 

^^this was a really neat link that outlines Anglicanism 

 

 

 

"Anglicanism." Terminology, Doctrine, Churchmanship. 2008. Wikepedia. 11 Dec 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism>.  

"The Anglican Catholic Church Welcomes You." Anglican Catholic Church. 2008. Anglican Catholic Church. 11 Dec 2008 <http://www.anglicancatholic.org/index.php>. 

 

Catholic Counter Reformation

 

Thirty Years War - Maggie Dillon

-30 Years War was a religious war fought mainly in Germany

-Grew to involve almost all of the European countries

-Began between Catholics and Protestants and was a continuation of the Habsberg-Bourbon rivalry for European pre-eminence.

-Caused the complete distruction of many regions, famine and disease decreased populations of Germany, the Low Countries and Italy

-Bankrupted many combatant powers

-Seperated into 4 main phases

     I) Bohemian Revolt-

     II) Danish Intervention

     III) Swedish Intervention

     IV) French Intervention

The Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabruck and Munster.

     -Signed on May 14th and October 24th 1648; Ended 30 Years War and 80 Years War (Spain vs. Netherlands)

     -The treaty involved involved the Holy Roman Emperor, The Hapsburgs, Kingdoms of Spain, France and Sweden,

     the Dutch Republic and their allies.

     -First modern diplomatic congress in Europe, started a new order in Central Europe based on State Sovereignty.

     -The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed in 1659, ended the war between France and Spain, often considered

     part of the Peace of Westphalia

     

                You can see on the map the how the different regions of germany were affected by population loss.

 

Absolute vs. Parliamentary Monarchy - Lewis Dalrymple

Absolute Monarchy

Parliamentary Monarchy

• A monarch's power has been reduced from head of government to solely the head of state; Parliament elects or appoints an official to be the head of government 
  • Multiple parties led to infighting and gridlock
  • Minority party is often stepped on and disregarded in political matters
  • The monarch's powers are extremely limited
  • Eventually monarchs were reduced to figureheads with no politcal power at all

King Edward's Crown - England

 

(Citation machine not working at school, will cite at home)

 

English Civil War - John Caudle

 

• 1642 – 1651
• Immediate cause of Charles I raising standards
• Caused by Religious fighting and problems with toleration
• Parliamentarians versus Royalists
• Nobles, landowners and Anglicans supported Charles I
• Workers living in the cities supported Parliament
• Consisted of 3 Wars
• Cromwell’s New Model Army led to a majority of Charles’ defeat
• Execution of Charles I and exile of Charles II
• Replaced the English Monarchy with the First Commonwealth of England
• Monopoly of the Church of England was ended
• Solved in the late 1680’s when limited religious toleration was granted to some Protestant faiths
• Set the example, later solidified in the Glorious Revolution, of the English Monarch not governing without the consent of Parliament

  This is an image of Cromwell's New Model Army fighting in the English Civil War.  It illustrates their victory at the Battle of Naseby.

"The English Civil War." historylearningsite.co.uk. 2008. historylearningsite.co.uk. 10 Dec 2008 <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/civil_war_england.htm>.

 

"The English Civil War." TheTeacher99. 10 Dec 2008 <http://www.theteacher99.btinternet.co.uk/ecivil/1642.htm>.

 

 

 

 

The Glorious Revolution: Colt Burgin:

 

• Occured in 1688-1689
• Also known as the Bloodless Revolution because of the lack of warfare and fighting
• The English Parliament won dominance over the King.
• The King no longer controlled when the Parliament met
  • set schedules for meetings were organized
• Parliament got the power to approve taxations
• Resulted in removal of King James II and the rise of William III and Mary II
• James II  attempted to convert his army to the Catholic religion and he built up his parliament with supporters of Catholocism.
• James II had a son in 1688, fears arose that a Catholic Dynasty would follow
• William III was invited to take throne and arrived with an army. James II then fled to France

 

CITATIONS:

Stearns, Peter. World Civilizations: The Global Experience. 4th. Pearson Longman, 2006.

 

Cody, David. "The Glorious Revolution." victorianweb.org. 01 May 2003. 11 Dec 2008 http://www.victorianweb.org/history/Glorious_Revolution.html.

 

"Glorious Revolution." infoplease.com. 2007. 11 Dec 2008 http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0821027.html.

 

Portrait of King James II. He was replaced by William III and Mary II in 1688-1689 during the Glorious Revolution.

 

Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (2004). Royal Insight. Retrieved December 9, 2008, from Royal Insight Web site: http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page3328.asp

 

 

 

Baroque – Andrew Craver

 

• Artistic movement to affect all areas of art, including sculpting, painting, drama, etc. etc.
• Essentially headed by Catholic Church
• The Church wanted new art that portrayed Biblical figures and events.
• Caravaggio and Barocci are two artist who benefited from this movment

Bernini’s Ecstacy of St. Teresa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estasi_di_Santa_Teresa.jpg

 

 

Scientific Revolution - Cody (John) B

What: The Scientific Revolution 

When: 1450- 1789 

Where: All Around the world including Latin America and Europe 

Why: Was started by scientist who found new ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology.

How is it important?: The scientific revolution of the late renaissance was significant in establishing a base for many modern sciences as well as challenging the power of the church.

 

 

Clockwise from top left is a collage of Kepler, Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, Descartes, and Ptolemy. (Images courtesy of the Library of Congress and NASA.)

 

Enlightenment- Josh Broach

 

In brief, the enlightenment was a questioning of what had commonly been accepted as "the way things are and should be". It was a revolutionary set of attitudes that mainly promoted reason to be used in government, society, and religion. It emerged in Western Europe as early as the late seventeenth century but peeked in the eighteenth century.

 

It sparked new findings in science, philosophy, and politics by way of reason and thought. It was a subjection to the ways that the church and monarchs had employed irrational thought. A belief eventually came out (modern government) that governments could place power with the people with a more organized and intellectual republic as oppose to the superstitious and oppressive ways of the church and aristocracy of the past.  

 

 

Voltaire is sometimes considered the most important philosopher of the Enlightenment as he was one of the earliest French advocates of freedom of religion, free trade, and civil liberties. Instead of an oppression and conformity of people’s personal beliefs, a consensus among enlightenment thinkers came about that people should be able to use their own intelligence to generate new ideas to advance civilization.

New forms of government (hardly or never see before) emerged as a result of the Enlightenment, mainly democracy such as in the US and France but more immediately there came about Enlightened Monarchies which blended old monarchs with modern day thought.

New thought led to new ideas of the economies of nations and the rights for people of those nations. Adam Smith was a Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations, finding that economy was not just represented in the dollar amount a nation possessed but that the real “economy” was that of the labor and goods that nation held. He is also considered the founder of Laissez-faire or the belief that government should not (or minimally) regulate the economy.

 

The age of enlightenment was combated with a late eighteenth century movement known as romanticism. It basically was an attempt to stop the arrogance of using only rational thought and in turn losing touch in artistic expression. It was a belief in the usage of nature as a way to describe things.

 

 

 (Plato and Aristotle as represented in the Age of Enlightenment, the Enlightenment was a reflection of classical ages of thought that had diminished over the Middle (Dark) Ages.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Agricultural Revolution- Will Boggs

 

• the efficiency of production in regards to the agricultural aspect of societies greatly increased
• marks a significant change in many areas where they no longer hunt and change areas, but stay in one area permantently and use agriculture to stay in the area
• distribution of the products made from agriculture greatly increased allowing people to travel more especially once the industrial revolution went under way
• minerals began to get collected more in order to make a profit instead of just food from plants and animals
• the effects of agricutlure greatly increase occupying much more importance in the world since it greatly affected the economy

 

This is a typical plot of land that was made during the agricultural revolution.

 

Rosenberg, Matt. "Georgraphy of Agriculture." 2008. The New York times Company. 11 Dec 2008 <http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/aggeography.htm>.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Colonization – Dalyn Bellingham

 

• Christopher Columbus led a Spanish expedition reaching the Americas in 1492
• European colonization and exploration rapidly expanded into much of the Caribbean Sea region
• The main lands of the Americas were soon after colonized in the early 16^th Century
• The Spanish and the Portuguese were the leaders in Americas exploration
• England and France followed to make attempts at colonizing, but were met with failure in the 16^th Century. However, in the next century, these countries succeeded along with the Dutch in establishing successful colonies in the Caribbean and Eastern North America.

 

Early Possessions in North America

·       Spain - Florida

·       England - Virginia, New England

·       France - Acadia, Canada

·       Sweden - New Sweden

·       Dutch - New Netherland

·       Russia – Alaska

 

Territories claimed in the Americas (1750)

 

Lucas, Paul. "Exploration of North America." Answers. 11 Dec 2008 <http://www.answers.com/topic/exploration-of-north-america>.

 

 

North America fur trade- Adam Barr

• Started around 1578, when 350 European ships landed at Newfoundland. The sailors began traded metal tools, such as knives, for native beaver pelts.
• Taken back to Europe where it was prized in the hat making industry
• In 1599, Captain Chauvin gained permission from King Henry IV of France to establish on a monopoly of the fur trade in New France, and tried to establish a colony at the mouth of the Saguenay River.
• In 1613, fur trade contacts were established with the Mohawks and the Mohicans
• The Europeans got the better of the natives, trading cheap, worthless items for pelts that could be sold for a good amount
• Today there are 80,000 licensed trappers in Canada

A hat made from beaver pelt; a fashion necessity for the period 1650-1850.

 

"Fur trade." Wikipedia. 07 Dec 2008. 11 Dec 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_trade>.

 

Commercial Revolution

 

 

Humanism

• A focus on mankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor
• Replaced religion
•  secular and human interests became more prominent
• welcomed classical writers who revealed similar social values and secular attitudes
• Expansion of trade, growth of prosperity and luxury, and widening social contacts
• humanist mentality stood at a point midway between medieval supernaturalism and the modern scientific and critical attitude
• pious, timid, and conservative drift away from medieval Christianity
• ended in bold independence of medieval tradition

Desiderius Erasmus), one of the greatest humanists, occupied a position midway between extreme piety and frank secularism

justin ford will add on