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Chapters 25: Latin America Revs-Consolidation

Page history last edited by emonjar 14 years, 10 months ago

 

Section 1

Working together using this wiki

Think of this wiki as a shared online whiteboard. The entire class can share information using this wiki, making your research accessible to everyone. You will not  have to complete the IDs all by yourself! Play around with this wiki: Notice how you can add comments to a page, see what people have changed, and edit all the text.

 

How to add your information to this wiki...

  1. Click on the Edit tab at the top.
  2. Scroll down to your term and copy and paste your information. (Be sure to add your name after the term)
  3. Use the right toolbar to insert images and files (be sure to keep your images small - we are all sharing this page)

    Use this checklist to check your work: (I use this list to grade your wiki)

    • Add your name next to the term/concept you are responsible for (5 pts)
    • Underline the term/concept - make it bold or heading 2 size (5 pts)
    • Brief summary of term/concept - use bullets or highlight key points (55 pts)
    • Picture/map - must include caption (keep image small in size) (image = 15 pts; caption =10 pts)
    • Please provide a FULL citation for the source(s) used - www.citationmachine.net can help. (5 pts)
    • Post your info in the right location - instead insert your image with caption right under your content. (5 pts)
    You are responsible for TWO terms this week.
  1. When you are done, hit Save at the bottom and view your work (make changes (Edit) as necessary).
  2. TIP: only one person can edit this wiki at a time, so I suggest you create your entry in a word program first. Then you can simply copy and paste it right in when the wiki is available for edit.

 

*Just a reminder: The purpose of these identifications is to work on SUMMARIZING a topic.  Practice picking out the most important information to provide your classmates a quick look at the topic(s) you are assigned.  These Identifications should provide a terrific study tool if the summaries are short, but informational.  Feel free to use bulleted lists instead of paragraphs. 

 

Identifications - Latin America Revolutions/Consolidation (Ch. 25)

 

Monroe Doctrine -

Francois Toussant L' Ouverture - Adam Barr

 

  • François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture was a leader of the Haitian Revolution
  • Born into slavery on May 20, 1743 in Saint-Dominique (later Haiti), and died on April 8, 1803 while exiled in France
  • Set free at age 33 to marry a woman named Suzanne
  • Led African slaves to revolt and seize the island of Saint Dominique, establishing a free nation called Haiti in 1797
  • Attempted to rebuild the economy of Haiti and get aid from the US and Great Britain during the period from 1800 to 1802
  • After his death, the government he tried to set up in Haiti was gradually dismantled by his successors.

 

Louverture himself, looking excessively dangerous riding his valiant steed and brandishing his undoubtedly deadly cavalry saber.

 

"Toussaint Louverture." Wikipedia. 17 FEB 2009. 18 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture.

 

 

Haitian Rebellion- Dalyn Bellingham

  • Haiti was known as Saint-Domingue and was a colony of France
  • The Maroons guerilla warfare and attacks were the first and major manifestation of a revolt against French rule and the slaveholding system
  • The Haitian Revolution developed from the 1791 slave rebellion
  • Revoulution lasted from 1791 until January 1, 1804 when Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti a free republic
  • Haiti became the first republic in modern history led by people of African descent

Battle on Santo Domingo

"Haitian Revolution." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 16 Feb 2009, 17:06 UTC. 18 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Revolution&oldid=271146521>.

Simon Bolivar - Will Boggs

 

  • Simon Bolivar was born in Caracas on July 24, 1783 and he died in Santa Maria on December 17,1830.
  • Bolivar is one of the most imporant leaders in Spanish America's attempt for independence along with the famous Argentine general Jose de San Martin
  • After his triumph of the Spanish monarchy he proceded onto helping found Gran Columbia
  • He was the 1st President of Gran Columbia from 1819-1830. He was also at one time President of Venezuela serving from 1813 to 1814 and from 1815 to 1819. Furthermore he was also the President in Bolivia in 1825 and the President of Peru from 1824 until 1827.
  • Bolivar is credited with the independence of the present day countries Venezuela, Columbia, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia.
  • In 1828 Bolivar declared himself dictator, but then was soon exiled from the area to Europe. While moving all of his stuff to Europe he got tuberculosis. He died before he moved to Europe.

 

Simón Bolívar

This is a famous paiting of Simon Bolivar in his military outfit.

 

"Simon Bolivar." Wikipedia. 19 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar>.

Gran Columbia - Josh Broach

  • Was a conglomerate republic of modern-day nations such as Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.
  • Gran Colombia was established following the revolutions led by Simon Bolivar against the Spanish.
  • Gran Colombia lasted from about 1819 to 1831.
  • The original idea was presented at the Congress of Angostura in 1819 where it was declared that Gran Colombia would operate as a federal republic with three major districts.
  • The Congress of Cúcuta however established that Gran Colombia would be a more centralized effort with a single capital at Bogota. This came about because federalists felt it was necessary to have a centralized authority to lead a more united war effort against Spain because not all former Viceroyalties of New Granada had became free.
  • Simon Bolivar’s dream of uniting Latin America into a single state was expressed by the creation of Gran Colombia. His goal was to unite the rest of Spanish controlled America under his power as he was the president of Gran Colombia.
  • A mirror effect occurred in my mind at this point because the nations within Gran Colombia wanted their freedom the same way Gran Colombia itself wanted freedom from Spain. This eventually led to the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1831.
  • Location of Gran Colombia Territory of Gran Colombia

 

 

Pedro I of Brazil – Bunch

 

Pedro I of Brazil, whos full name is Pedro de Alcântara Francisco Antônio João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bragança e Bourbon, or "Dom Pedro Primeiro" (October 12, 1798 – September 24, 1834), proclaimed Brazil independent from Protugal and became Brazil's first Emperor. He also held the Portuguese throne briefly as Pedro IV of Portugal, the Soldier-King, the 28th (or 29th according to some historians) king of Portugal and the Algarves.

 

Pedro =)

http://www.answers.com/Pedro%20I%20of%20Brazil%20#Brazilian_independence

 

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos - Colt Burgin

 

  •  

    Miguel Hidalgo

    Mexican priest and revolutionary

    1778- became a priest

    1803- put in charge of parish of Delores in Guanajuato

    tried hard to help improve economic conditions of parishioniers

    taught them how to work vineyards and operate small businesses

    1809- joined a group that wanted to free Mexico from Spain

    September 16th, 1810- crusaded with thousands of Mexicacn supporters

    captured towns like Guanajuato

    January 11th, 1811- his army was stopped by Spanish soldiers.

    Hidalgo fled north and was captured and killed

    1824- Mexican Republic was established. After this event, Hidalgo was perceived as a near saint

    has state named after him, Hidalgo

    September 16th- Day revolt was proclaimed, is now Independence Day in Mexico

     

    Jose Maria Morelos

    Became Catholic priest at age 33

    1810- began building armies for Miguel Hidalgo’s revolt

    after death of Hidalgo, Morelos became leader of revolt

    leader and cause of many military victories

    1813- called 1st congress of free states which resulted in the Mexican Declaration of Independence

    1815- captured by Spanish military and put on trial. Put up a good argument but broke down in fear of his life. Revealed military secrets and was later executed

     

    (1765-18150) (1753-1811)

    Citations-

     

    "Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla." MSN Encarta. 19 Feb 2009 <http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555427/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla.html>.

    "Jose Maria Morelos." nndb.com. 19 Feb 2009 <http://www.nndb.com/people/808/000095523/>.

 

 

 

 

 

Portrait of Miguel Hidalgo.

 

 

Treaty of Cordoba - John Caudle

  • Signed August 24, 1821
  • Mexican Independence won from Spain
  • Spain was hard in excepting this defeat and signing the treaty
  • Signed after the Mexican War of Independence
  • An empire under Iturbide lasted two more years

  Tabloid of the Mexican War for Independence

 

Augustin de Iturbide - Andrew Craver

 

 

*Born 27 September 1783

*Was commissioned into the New Spanish army while still a teenager.

*Offered a chance to build an insurgence Army for Mexico’s upcoming revolution, but turned it down.

*He fought for Spain, trying to preserve the colonial way of life.

*After many failures against Vicente Guerrero and political fall out and disagreements, Iturbide, decided to fight for a cause, the revolutionary cause.

*To end the war Iturbide marched on Mexico, making his victory finalized on 27 September 1821.

*After demonstrations in the streets, he was urged to take the throne by the people of Mexico, and he was approved by Congress.

*His title would be Augustin I.

*His reign began 21 July 1822.

Emperor Augustin I

 

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide

 

 

Caudillos - Lewis Dalrymple

 

  • Spanish word that usually refers to a political-military dictator that rules an authoritarian government
  • It’s usually used to designate someone who has military power
  • Famous Caudillos:
    • Viriato – Successfully resisted Roman expansion into the Iberian Peninsula
    • Almanzor – Muslim leader who onquered the Iberian Peninsula
    • Simon Bolivar – South American Independence Leader
    • Francisco Franco – Dictator of Spain between 1947 and 1975
  • In Hispanoamerica it has evolved into a term of respect rather than hatred
    • Jorge Eliecer Gaitan was named Caudillo of Colombia proudly
  • In English this word is usually translated into leader or chief, but can be used pejoratively to mean warlord, dictator, or “strongman”

Juan Manuel de Rosas, Argentine Caudillo

 

Benito Juarez - Maggie Dillon

  • Served 5 terms as President of Mexico and is considered the greatest leader in Mexican history.
  • The period of his leadership is known in Mexican history as La Reforma
  • first full-blooded indigenous national to serve as President of Mexico and to lead a country in the Western Hemisphere in over 300 years.
  • did not have a military background
    • was a lawyer and a judge
    •  He was governor of the state of Oaxaca from 1847 to 1853
      • at which time he went into exile because of his objections to the corrupt military dictatorship of Antonio López de Santa Anna.
  • resisted the French occupation & overthrew the Empire
  • restored the Republic
  • efforts to modernize the country
    • lessened the great power the Catholic Church held over Mexican politics
    • separation of church and state in public affairs
    • also led to the almost-complete disenfranchisement of bishops, priests, nuns and lay brothers.
    • a semi-feudal social system with a more market-driven one

   Portrait of Benito Juarez

 

 

 

"Benito Juarez." Wikipedia. 20 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Juarez>. 

 

 

 

Gauchos -

Monoculture -plantation agriculture-foreign economic  domination of Latin America -

General Santa Ana -

Mexican-American War - Evan Hoke 

 

  • The Mexican-American War was the first major conflict driven by the idea of "Manifest Destiny."
  • This was the belief that America had a God-given right to expand the country’s borders from “sea to shining sea.”
  • This belief would eventually cause much suffering for many Mexicans, Native Americans, and U.S. citizens.
  • This war followed the earlier Texas War of Independence from Mexico.
  • Tensions began to grow between the two largest independent nations on the North American continent as Texas eventually became a U.S. state.
  • Disputes over the border lines sparked military conflict.
  • President Polk eagerly sought war in order to gain large amounts of land from Mexico.
  • The United States acquired the northern half of Mexico. This area became the U.S. states of California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah.

 

A map showing the areas of battle and dispute of the Mexican-American War.

 

"Mexican-American War." Britannica. 20 Feb 2009 <http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/61/64961-004-0FCD63B1.gif>.  

 

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - D. Holter

 

The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War, ceding 525 thousand square miles of territory to the US for a paltry $15 million. Mexico stipulated that Mexican homeowners in ceded territories would retain their land. Unfortunately, American settlers displaced these Mexican citizens and stole their land. The treaty was followed by the Gadsden Purchase, which moved the ceded territory closer to the southern border, establishing it at modern-day lines. 

 

Signers:

  • Nicholas Trist (US)
  • Luis G. Cuevas (Mexico)
  • Bernardo Couto (Mexico)
  • Miguel Atristain (Mexico)

 

 

 

 

Maximillian -

Domingo Sarmiento - Jordan Hubbard

He was a liberal activist, soldier, statesman, author, and seventh president of Argentina from 1868 to 1874. He wrote Life in the Argentine Republic in the Days of the Tyrants or Civilization and Barbarism (1868) to demonstrate his admiration for European culture and his desire to make Argentina like that. As president, Sarmiento initiated a wide series of political reforms and economic measures to bring progress to Argentina. He believed a public education system along with the constructing of communication and transportation systems was needed. 

 

"Domingo Faustino Sarmiento." 22 Feb 2009 http://www.library.nd.edu/rarebooks/exhibits/riverplate/09-biographies/sarmiento.shtml.

 

Sarmiento was the seventh president of Argentina.

 

Fazendas - Kimberly Martinez

 

·                    Portuguese word for “farm”

·                    In the mid 1800’s, coffee began to be a major export crop for Brazil

·                    “Fazenda” refers to the great coffee estates that started to appear in the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1896

·                    Positive effects of the fazendas:

o       Economic growth and prosperity for Brazil

o       Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph were introduced into Brazil, and paid for from coffee crop proceeds

o       Growth of middle class and merchants

·                    Negative effects of the fazendas:

o       As coffee cultivation and exportation spread, the need for labor increased

o       Slavery intensified as a way to provide the needed labor – slavery continued until 1888.

 

 

 

 

 

 

"Fazenda." Wikipedia. Wikipedia. 23 Feb 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazenda.

 

 

 

 

 

US Dollar Diplomacy in Lat. Am -

 

Jose de San Martin-Elayne Monjar

  • Leader of independent movement in Rio de La Plata
  • Led movements of United Provinces of Rio de la Plata (1816), Chile, and Peru. 
  • In 1882, resigned the command of his army and moved to France (the reason for his resignation will later debated by historians)
  • Originally wanted a some form of monarchy in many South American states
  • Influence by ideas of Enlightment & 19th century liberalism
  • Is regarded, along with Simon Bolivar, to be one of the Liberators of Spanish America

 

This is a portrait of Jose de San Martin

Adas, Michael, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Marc J. Gilbert Peter N. Stearns. World Civilizations: The Global Experience 4th edition. Boston: Pearson /Longman, 2004.

“Jose de San Martin.”  22 May 2009.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_de_San_Martin

Modernization Theory - Rebecca Overcash

 

  • It is a theory that tries to explain how society progresses.
  • Focuses specifically on a type of modernization thought to have originated in Europe during the 17th century, which brought social customs and technological achievements into a new period.
  • The foundations of modernization theory start at the Age of Enlightenment, when philosophers began to look at how society changed and progressed.
  • Theories were proposed as to how technological advancement led to social advancement, which in turn led to an examination of how different aspects of advancement were connected.
  • The basic argument of this phase of modernization theory was that humans were able to change their society within a generation, and that this change was often assisted by advancements in technology, production, and consumption.
  • Communication and mass transportation advancements are often the most looked at in modernization theory.
  • Today when people look at the modernization theory, they often look at the negative aspects of it instead of the positive.

 

 

This cartoon shows the greed of people along with the modernization theory.

 

 

McGuigan, Brendan. "What is Modernization Theory?." wisegeek. 22 Feb 2009

                <http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-modernization-theory.htm>.

 

 

"Modernization Theory." bookrags. 22 Feb 2009 <http://www.bookrags.com/research/modernization-

                theory-eos-03/>.

 

 

"index to printed issues of NOT BORED!." notbored. May 2008. 22 Feb 2009

                <http://www.notbored.org/index2back.html>.

Spanish-American War -Abby Pardue

-Was between Spain and America and took place between April and August of 1898

-The war centered around the independence of Cuba

-After American Marines stationed themselves in Cuba and the USS Maine was destroyed, Americans began blaming the Spanish for the destruction and death of so many people. Though this was not proven as fact, many journalists stated that it was and goaded Americans into blaming the Spanish, leading to war.

-This type of journalism came to be called yellow journalism. 

 

This is a painting of a battle in the Spanish American War

"The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War." Hispanic Division Library of Congress. 23 July 2007. Library of Congress. 20 Feb 2009 <http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html>.

 

Annexation of the Philippines – Lise Ross

-First Philippine Republic established in 1899 after the Spanish American war

-Created after the end of the Philippine revolution against Spanish rule

-Independence was declared on June 12, 1898

-U.S. abolished the Philippine Republic in 1899

-Continued occupation until 1949 when formal independence was established

 

The Phillippines never gained true independence until 1949.

 

Panama Canal – Andrew Steiner

 

 

     The opening of the Panama Canal marked the beginning of a new era of global trade and transportation.  But the Canal owes its existence to events set in motion decades, if not centuries, before its inception.

     The same Industrial Revolution that has led to the current conflict on the European continent also spawned the technological innovations necessary for a project of this scope to be attempted.

     The most relevant invention is the steam engine, invented by James Watt in the 1770’s.  Though his invention was decidedly land-based, an American named Robert Fulton would later be able to adapt it to power ships at speeds and across distances previously unimaginable.

     The canal allowed ships to bypass circumventing South America in order to reach the Atlantic from the Pacific and vice versa in record times.

     Construction was first attempted under the French in the 1880’s, but ground to a halt after upwards of 20,000 workers died of malaria, landslides, etc.  The United States then controversially ignited a Panamanian revolution against the Columbian government, who had denied access to American engineers, in order to construct the canal.  Construction was completed in 1914.

     The U.S. continued to operate the canal until 1977, when President Jimmy Carter acquiesced to Panamanian demands to cede control to its government, providing that operation of the canal would remain neutral.

 

 

 

The first ships pass through the Panama Canal in 1914.

 

 

"Panama Canal." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. 21 Feb 2009 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal>.

 

 

Manifest Destiny (Lat. Am.) – R Stewart

  • Manifest Destiny is the belief that the United States is divinely destined to encompass the entire North American continent
  • American belief in Manifest Destiny led to the acquisition of the current Western United States
  • The idea of Manifest Destiny is related to the ideologies of white and western supremacy
  • During the Mexican-American War(1846-1848), proponents of Manifest Destiny lobbied for the annexation of all of Mexico
  • Over time, the belief in Manifest Destiny and outright annexation of North American countries evolved and pacified into a belief in United States intervention in all North American affairs
  • The ideologies of Manifest Destiny can be seen in the Monroe Doctrine, the Roosevelt Corollary, and the Platt Amendment (1902) which grant the United States a sort of “big brother” status to other North American countries
  • US interventions included military actions in:  Puerto Rico (1824), Mexico (1840s), Nicaragua (1850s), and Panama (1860)

 Evolved ideologies of Manifest Destiny were used in the Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary, and Platt Amendment

Lemoine, Maurice. "Uncle Sam's Manifest Destiny." Le Monde Diplomatique. May 2003. 19 Feb 2009

Centralists vs. Federalists -Sara Toomey

·         Centralism was liberal

·         centralism- desire to create a strong national government

·         federalists had power under Juan Manuel de Rosas

·         federalism- weak central government

·         favored ranchers of Buenos Aires

·         centralists killed by the federalists

·         eventually, the forces combined and overthrew Rosas

 

 

Juan Manuel de Rosas- leader of the federalists

 

Source: APWH book 

General Santa Anna

 

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was the leading General in the Mexican American war after he became the president of Mexico and announced himself a dictator...(more on the way ran out of time, ford)

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